Introduction to Geography Arthur Getis Mark D Bjelland

Introduction to Geography Arthur Getis, Mark D. Bjelland, Victoria L. Getis Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Cultural Geography Chapter 6 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Overview l l l l l Components of Culture Subsystems of Culture Interaction of People and Environment Culture Change Cultural Diversity Language Religion Ethnicity Gender and Culture Other Aspects of Diversity Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 3

Components of Culture l Culture is learned, not biological l l Through imitation, instruction, example Culture is not homogenous 4 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Components of Culture l Culture trait l l Culture complex l l Single distinguishing feature of a culture Group of culture traits that are functionally interrelated Culture system l Collection of interacting cultural traits and cultural complexes that are shared by a group within a particular territory 5 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Components of Culture l Culture region l l Portion of the earth’s surface occupied by people sharing recognizable and distinctive cultural characteristics Culture realm l Collective of culture regions sharing related culture complexes and landscapes 6 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Subsystems of Culture l Technological subsystem l l Material objects and techniques people use to carry out their productive activities Cultural divergence Cultural convergence Technologically advanced countries l Many people employed in manufacturing or services l High per capita incomes, levels of education, nutrition, life expectancies, medical services l Economic and political power 7 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Subsystems of Culture l Technological subsystem (continued) l l Technologically less-advanced countries l High percentage of people engaged in farming l Lower GNI and per capita incomes, life expectancies, literacy rates Labels l Advanced-less advanced l Developed-underdeveloped l Industrial-nonindustrial l The North-The South l Can be misinterpreted to mean “superior-inferior” Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 8

Subsystems of Culture l Sociological subsystem l l l Common patterns of interpersonal relations, behaviors and interactions l Regulate how the individual functions relative to the group, whether it be family, church or state Includes religious, political, educational and other social institutions Social institutions are closely related to the technological subsystem 9 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Subsystems of Culture l Ideological subsystem l l Ideas, beliefs, knowledge and means of their communication Passed from one generation to the next Changes in ideological subsystem may affect sociological and technological subsystems Cultural integration l l Interlocking nature of all aspects of culture Means that any cultural object or act may have a number of meanings Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 10

Interaction of People and Environment l Cultural ecology l l Study of the relationship between a culture group and the natural environment it occupies Environments as controls l Environmental determinism l Peaked in popularity in late 19 th - early 20 th Centuries l Taught that physical environment, in particular climate, determined which cultures would become the most advanced and economically developed l However, cultural variations that occur around the world are not determined by a society’s physical surroundings 11 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Interaction of People and Environment l Environments as controls (continued) l l Possibilism l People, not environments, are the dynamic forces of cultural development § Physical environment offers a set of opportunities and limitations Human impacts on environment l l Cultural landscape l The earth’s surface as modified by human action l Tangible physical record of a given culture Relationship exists between technological advancement and impact on the environment Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 12

Culture Change l l Cultures are always in a state of flux Change within cultures is induced by: l l l Innovation Spatial diffusion Acculturation 13 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Culture Change: Innovation l l Change results from ideas created within the social group and adopted by it Premodern and traditional societies typically are slower to innovate and accept change Cultural lag Agricultural Revolution l l Occurred independently in several areas Affected every aspect of society 14 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Culture Change: Innovation l Culture hearth l l l Area of innovation from which key culture elements diffused to exert an influence on surrounding regions Only a few produced the trappings of civilization Innovation is common in modern societies 15 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Culture Change: Diffusion l Process by which a concept, a practice, an innovation or a substance spreads from its point of origin to new territories l Two processes are involved l l l People move to a new area and take culture with them Or information about an innovation can spread Parallel innovation 16 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Culture Change: Diffusion l Barriers to diffusion - Receiver culture may selectively adopt some goods or ideas and reject others l Syncretism is a major feature of culture change l Fusion of old and new culture elements 17 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Culture Change: Acculturation l Process by which one culture group undergoes major modification by adopting many characteristics of another, usually dominant, culture group l l l May involve changes in the original cultural patterns or either or both of the two groups involved May occur in a conquered or colonized region May occur when a population relocates 18 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Culture Change: Acculturation l Amalgamation theory l l Multiethnic societies become a merger of the culture traits of their member groups “Melting pot” “Salad bowl” or “lumpy stew” Assimilation l l l Completion of integration process Does not necessarily mean that consciousness of original identity is reduced or lost Competition theory 19 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Cultural Diversity l Prominent differentiating culture traits of societies and regions l l Language Religion Ethnicity Gender 20 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Language l Organized system of speech by which people communicate with each other with mutual comprehension l Most important medium by which culture is transmitted l Nearly 7000 different languages are spoken in the world l Many languages are disappearing Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 21

Language l Language (linguistic) family l l l Group of languages thought to have descended from a common ancestral tongue (proto-Indo-European) E. g. , Indo-European languages l Spoken by about ½ the world’s peoples Subfamilies exist within language family l E. g. , the Romance languages and the Germanic languages 22 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Language: Language Spread and Change l Language spreads through dispersion of speakers or acquisition of new speakers l Language spread may, through segregation and isolation, give rise to mutually unintelligible tongues l Language evolution may be gradual and cumulative or it may be massive and abrupt 23 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Language: Language Spread and Change l Evolution and spread of English l l Within ≈400 years developed from localized language of 7 million islanders to international language English today l l l ≈ 400 million native speakers ≈ 600 million use it as a second language Millions more have some competence in English as a foreign language Official language of 60 countries Dominant language facilitating increased global interaction Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 24

Language: Standard and Variant Languages l A speech community usually possesses both a standard language and a number of dialects l l l Standard language l Comprises accepted community norms of syntax, vocabulary, pronunciation Dialect l Ordinary speech of areal, social, professional or other subdivisions of the general population l Most dialects exhibit spatial patterns Linguistic geography l Study of the character and spatial pattern of geographic, or regional, dialects 25 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Language: Standard and Variant Languages l Pidgin l l New auxiliary language which is an amalgam of languages, usually a simplified form of one of them with borrowings from another l Simplified grammatical structure and reduced vocabulary Not the mother tongue of any of its speakers, second language for all its users Generally used for commerce, administration or work supervision If a pidgin becomes the first language of a group of speakers, a creole has evolved 26 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Language: Standard and Variant Languages l Creole l l Native tongue developed from a pidgin Acquires more complex grammatical structure and enhanced vocabulary E. g. , Swahili, Afrikaans, Haitian Creole and Bazaar Malay Lingua franca l l Established language used habitually for communication by people whose native tongues are mutually incomprehensible It is a second language for its users 27 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Language: Language and Culture l Language embodies the culture complex of a people, reflecting both environment and technology l Linguistic differences between the sexes l A common language fosters unity among people l Bilingualism or multilingualism complicates national linguistic structure Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 28

Language: Language and Culture l Toponyms l l Place-names (language on the land) l Record of past and present cultures Toponymy l l Study of place-names Revealing tool of cultural geography 29 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Religion l Cultural innovation l Value system that involves formal or informal worship and faith in the sacred and divine l Joins adherents into a single moral community l May intimately affect all facets of a culture l Varies in its cultural role – dominating in some societies, unimportant or even repressed in others 30 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Religion: Classification and Distribution of Religions l Monotheism/Polytheism l Universalizing religions l l Claim applicability to all persons and seek conversion l Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Ethnic religions l Identified with a particular ethnic group l Judaism, Hinduism, Shinto 31 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Religion: Classification and of Religions l Tribal (traditional) religions l l Ethnic religions specific to small, preindustrial cultures having close ties to nature l Animism l Shamanism Secularism l l Indifference to or rejection of religion and religious belief An increasing part of many modern societies 32 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Religion: Principal Religions l Judaism l l l Monotheism laid foundation for Christianity and Islam Emerged 3000 -3500 years ago in the Near East Ethnic religion, determining factors of which are descent from Israel, the Torah, Jewish traditions Diaspora State of Israel was a fulfillment of Zionism 33 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Religion: Principal Religions l Christianity l l l Jesus, a Jewish preacher, is believed to be the messiah promised by God The new covenant he preached was not a rejection of traditional Judaism but a promise of salvation to all humankind, rather than to just a chosen people Universalizing religion Division of Christianity, by dissolution of Roman Empire, into Western Church and Eastern Church Protestant Reformation of 15 th and 16 th Centuries Catholic vs. Protestant cultural landscape 34 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Religion: Principal Religions l Islam l l l Mohammed revered as the prophet of Allah (God) Koran contains rules of worship, details of doctrine and instructions on the conduct of human affairs Observance of “five pillars” and surrender to will of Allah unites faithful into community that has no concern with race, color or caste Spread quickly outward from source region of Arabia through Islamic political and military expansion Disagreement over succession of leadership after Mohammed led to division between Sunnis and Shi’ites Cultural landscape - mosque Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 35

Religion: Principal Religions l Hinduism l l Oldest major religion (≈ 4000 or more years old) l No founding event or initial prophet Ethnic religion Adherents may believe in one god or many or none A Hindu is one born into a caste, a member of a complex social, economic and religious community 36 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Religion: Principal Religions l Buddhism l l l l Reform movement of Hinduism Universalizing faith Founded in 6 th century B. C. in northern India Moral philosophy taught by Siddhartha Gautama Enlightenment and salvation lie in “four noble truths” Spread to other parts of Asia Today - Various schools of thought Cultural landscape l Stupa l Temple or pagoda enshrining Buddha image or relic l Monastery Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 37

Religion: Principal Religions l East Asian ethnic religions influenced by Buddhism l l l Confucianism Taoism Japanese Shinto 38 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Ethnicity l Usually refers to the ancestry of people who share common characteristics l l Ethnocentrism l l Feeling that one’s own ethnic group is superior Territorial segregation l l Language, religion, national origin, unique customs Strong and sustaining trait of ethnic identity Ethnic enclaves 39 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Gender and Culture l l Socially created distinctions between femininity and masculinity Gender relationships and role assignments differ among societies l Influenced by economic development, religion, customs l General egalitarianism in hunting and gathering cultures l Agriculture altered the structure of gender roles l Ideal Victorian woman l Subordinate role of women changed only in the later 20 th century in more-developed countries - Feminist revolution 40 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Gender and Culture l Mixed impact of economic globalization on female participation in the paid labor force l l On worldwide basis, increase in women’s share of paid employment; however, has not necessarily reduced gender discrimination Distinct gender-specific regionalization has emerged l Arab or Arab-influenced Muslim areas of western Asia and North Africa – proportion of female population that is economically active is low l Sub-Saharan Africa – highly dependent on female farm labor and market income 41 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Gender and Culture l Mixed impact of economic globalization on female participation in the paid labor force l Distinct gender-specific regionalization has emerged (continued) l Japan – Males nearly exclusively run the huge industrial and political machinery l Scandinavian countries – economic and social equality is more advanced than perhaps any portion of the industrialized world 42 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.

Other Aspects of Diversity l l l Culture is the sum total of the way of life of a society Economic development levels, language, religion, ethnicity and gender all are important and common distinguishing culture traits, but they only tell a partial story Many other elements of culture exist, including: l l Architectural styles Music Food Games Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 43

Other Aspects of Diversity l Spatial interaction, another aspect of culture, is the subject of chapter eight 44 Copyright © 2014 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education.