Introduction to Film History Prof Myrna Monllor English

Introduction to Film History Prof. Myrna Monllor English 124 ©Myrna Monllor January 2018 Blog copy 1 All images used in this presentation were taken from the WWW for educational purposes.

Topics for Discussion Concept of the Movies Silent and Talking Films First Projectors The Production Code Pioneers and Important Films Moguls/Stars/Direc tors and Their Power The Patents War and Hollywood The Threats to the Industry 2

The Horse in Motion 1878 3

FIRST ATTEMPTS AT CREATING IMAGES THE CAMERA OBSCURA THE PEEP BOX THE MAGIC LANTERN DAGUERROTYPE CAMERA 4

PHENAKISTISCOPE ZOETROPE FANTASCOPE MAGIC LANTERN ON WHEELS 1798 5

MAX SKLADANOWSKY’S BIOSCOPE 1895 Herman Casler’s MUTOSCOPE 1894 6

Edward R. Muybridge Invented the zoopraxiscope Inspired Edison to create his motion picture devices Proposed a collaboration with Edison that would combine the phonograph with the zoopraxiscope 7

Edward Muybridge Zoopraxiscope 1881 8

Etienne Jules-Marey’s Photographic Rifle disk Rifle Camera Chronophotograph y 9

Louis Aime Agustine Le Prince Father of Cinematography 10

Louis Aime Agustine Le Prince October 14, 1888 The Round Hay Garden Scene 11

Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge (1888) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=L 7 sa. H 58 usq 4 12

LOUIS AND AUGUSTE LUMIERE “the cinema is an invention without a future” The Lumiére Brothers: Pioneers of Cinema http: //www. history. com/news/the-lumiere-brothers-pioneers-of-cinema Lumiére Brothers’ First Films http: //www. imagesjournal. com/issue 04/reviews/lumiere. htm • Invented the cinematographe in 1895: a portable motion-picture camera, film processing unit and projector • Produced newsreels and documentaries through their film company Pathé Freres. 13

Lumiére Films Showed the first films to an audience in France on December 28, 1895. 14

THOMAS ALVA EDISON William Laurie Dickson Edison and his kinetograph A nickelodeon with kinetoscopes http: //memory. loc. gov/ammem/edhtml/ Inventing Entertainment: The Motion Pictures and Sound Recordings of the Edison Companies http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/light/ The American Experience: Edison’s Miracle of Light 15

Black Maria, the first film studio 1893 The kinetoscope 16

THE EARLY FILMS http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r. Qk 5 Rft. Sd. F 8 17

Experimentation with Sound and Film http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=OBMEt 1 SJbh. Q 18

In some countries mo theaters were tents. The ones shown in the pictures are from Mexico. 19

The Corbett- Fitzsimmons Fight 1897 First Widescreen Film by Enoch Rector 20

The Latham Loop Eugene Lauste and William Kennedy Laurie Dickson 21

First Color Film Edward Turner 22

GEORGES MELIES 1861 -1938 A Trip to the Moon https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_Frd. Vd. Klx. U k George Meliés lhttp: //www. melies. eu/English. html A Trip to the Moon, 1902 23

GEORGES MELIES 1861 -1938 French magician who saw films as a means for entertainment Father of science fiction films and of special effects Introduced narrative storylines, plot and character development. 24

Martin Scorcese’s tribute to George Meliés Hugo (2011) 25

EDWIN S. PORTER The Great Train Robbery, 1903 First smash hit First America n film to use editing First action film First western https: //archive. org/details/The. Great. Train. Robbery 1903 The Great Train Robbery 26

Alice Guy Blaché 1873 -1968 First female director Made films in France and the USA Worked with the Lumiére family Made one of the first color films The Spring Fairy https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=V 8 Ly. PAq 6 QVA 27

The Spring Fairy 28

Animation and Charles Emile Reynaud (1844 -1918) First projected animation cartoons (1892) Created the Praxinoscope Theatre Optique 29

Images from the Praxinoscope https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=o. GRTEj. Tzg. Bc&index=7&list=PL 93188 DAA 981 BC 98 D 30

James Stuart Blackton Father of American animation/ founded the Vitagraph Studio Used stop animation and drawn animation 31

The Enchanted Drawing (1900) Vitagraph Studios http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r. YDm. H 2 B 9 XJw 32

Other Animation Samples http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ns. XV 0 Lr 2 xqg&feature=related • Fantasmagoire 1908 Gertie the Dinosaur 1914 by Winston Mcay http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=a. EAObel 8 y. IE&feature=related 33

Quirino Cristiani Argentinian First feature length animation https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=he. Hn. P_Jp. Lh. E https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=TG 2 L 1 KMDCu 4 El apóstol 34

Lotte Reiniger 1899 -1981 • German film director • Pioneer of silhouette animation • The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Kku 75 v. GDD_0 35

Walt Disney 1901 -1966 Newman’s Laughograms • http: //www. youtube. com/watch ? v=qaknqmb. T 99 c Steamboat Willie https: //youtu. be/BBgghn. QF 6 E 4 36

THE PATENTS WAR AND THE BIRTH OF HOLLYWOOD The Motion Picture Patents Company pooled their patents together to protect their profits and monopolize the industry Independent film makers had to pay for the use of equipment and perforated celluloid tape The Patents Company would send thugs to break down production 37

DAVID WARK (D. W. ) GRIFFITH 1875 -1944 • Father of American film /The Birth of a http: //www. pbs. org/wnet/americanmasters/database/griffith_d. html Nation (1915) American Masters: D. W. Griffith http: //www. gildasattic. com/dwgriffith. html D. W. Griffith 38

DAVID WARK (D. W. ) GRIFFITH Established the language of film as we know it today Close Ups Changing Angles Experimented with light and shading Dissolve s Cross cutting Camera Movement Fades 39

THE STAR SYSTEM Charlie Chaplin http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=xo. Kb. DNY 0 Zw http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=FAq. I-M-v. U 3 Y 40

Warner Brothers and the Advent of Sound Vitaphone system 41

The Jazz Singer 1927 Al Jolson in black face http: //www. youtube. com/watchv=PIaj 7 FNHnj. Q&feature=related 42

Busby Berkeley https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=i. M_Xjw 4 m 0 ro 43

Parallel Cinemas Black Cinema Hollywood in Spanish 44

The Hays Code Written in 1922 by Will Hays 45

THE HOLLYWOOD PRODUCTION CODE In 1934 the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of 1930 -1968 America created a set of standards to regulate what could be shown on the screen. This code was replaced by our actual rating system In 1968. Below are the general principles of the code. Click on the addresses to read more about this topic. http: //www. artsreformation. com/a 001/hays-code. html 1. No picture shall be produced that will lower the moral standards of those who see it. Hence the sympathy of the audience should never be thrown to the side of crime, wrongdoing, evil or sin. 2. Correct standards of life, subject only to the requirements of drama and entertainment, shall be presented. 3. Law, natural or human, shall not be ridiculed, nor shall sympathy be created for its violation. 46

Alfred Hitchcock’s Notorious 1946 Cary Grant and Ingrid Bergman https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=q. Ea. R 9 a. QZJw. Y 47

Movie Ratings The ratings are based on the amount of language, violence, nudity, sex and drug use as well as overall movie theme. • [G] General Audience. All ages admitted. • [PG] Parental Guidance Suggested. Some material may not be suitable for children. • [PG-13] Parents Strongly Cautioned. Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13. • [R] Restricted. Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian (age varies in some locations). 48 • [NC-17] No One 17 and Under Admitted.

The Hollywood Moguls Samuel Goldwyn The Warner Brothers Louis B. Mayer David O. Selznick Irving Thalberg Daryll Zanuck 49

The Great Movie Studios https: //www. warnerbros. com/studio/about-studio/company (MGM) “More stars than there are in Heaven” Warner) (Nicholas Schenck/Louis B. Mayer) *Irving Thalberg *David O. Selznick http: //seeing-stars. com/Studios/MGM. shtml Warner Brothers (Jack Universal (Carl Laemmle) http: //seeing-stars. com/Studios/Universal. Studios. shtml 50

Paramount (Adolph Zukor) http: //seeing-stars. com/Studios/Paramount. Studios. shtml 20 th Century Fox (William Fox) http: //seeing-stars. com/Studios/Fox. Studios. shtml Columbia (Harry Cohn) http: //reelclassics. com/Studios/Columbia/columbia. htm 51

The End of the Studio System § Televisions were first mass-produced In 1947. § The film industry saw television as a threat to the film industry. § Attendance to movie theaters decreased. § In 1948 the Supreme Court found the studios guilty of monopolistic practices and forced them to separate from their theater chains. § This last measure provided more space for independent filmmakers. 52

3 D Craze 53

Technology Is a film still a film if it were never shot on film? Film. Slate http: //www. filmslatemagazine. com/filmmaking/filmvs-digital Filmstrip Digital Technology • Simple and less expensive • Easy to store • Lasts longer • Makes adding special effects and editing simpler • Best image quality • Changes the way a film is exhibited/Imax • Expensive • 35 mm film is easily destroyed or damaged • No reels to carry or store • A projectionist is needed 54

Great Movie Stars from the Past Audrey Hepburn Judy Garland Elizabeth Taylor Cary Grant Marilyn Monroe Marlon Brando James Dean Greta Garbo Katherine Hepburn James Cagney Bette Davis Humphrey Bogart Jimmy Stewart Clark Gable 55

Puerto Ricans in American Cinema 56

Influential Movie Directors http: //www. filmsite. org/directors. html 57

Influential Movie Directors Stanley Kubrick Luis Buñuel Orson Welles Ingmar Bergman Billy Wilder Alfred Hitchcock John Ford Federico Fellini http: //www. filmsite. org/directors. html 58

Guillermo del Toro More Great Directors Alejandro Gonzales Iñarritu Martin Scorcese Woody Allen George Lucas Pedro Almodóvar Steven Spielberg Frances Ford Coppola Tim Burton Ron Howard Tarantino Jane Campion Aménabar Chris Nolan Oliver Stone Penny Marshall Spike Lee 59

The Academy Awards • Awarded by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences founded in 1927 • First celebrated in 1929 • First televised in 1952 • http: //www. filmsite. org/oscars. html 60

Cannes Film Festival • Established in 1946 • Most Influential and prestigious award • Louis Lumiere was the first president of the festival • Palme d’Or http: //www. festival-cannes. com/en. html 61

Prestigious Film Awards • Directors Guild of America http: //www. dga. org • Globe Awards http: //www. goldenglobes. com/ • Screen Actors Guild http: //www. sagawards. org 62

Bibliography https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n. Nz 9 Ahwt. CT 0 63

BIBLIOGRAPHY ANATOMY OF FILM. THIRD EDITION. BERNARD F. DICK. ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, 1996 LAS CLAVES DE LA HISTORIA DEL CINE. MIGUEL PORTER AND PALMIRA GONZALEZ. ARAN, 1988 FILM: AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORICAL OVERVIEW. ANDREA GRONEMEYER. BARRON’S CRASH COURSE SERIES, 1998. GREATEST FILMS BEFORE 1920 http: //www. filmsite. org/pre 20 sintro. html TEACH YOURSELF FILM STUDIES. WARREN BUCKLAND. HODDER & STOUGHTON, 1998. Hispanic Hollywood http: //americanaejournal. hu/vol 9 no 2/lenart The Slow Rise of Black Cinema http: //www. theguardian. com/film/2014/sep/21/slow-rise-black-cinema-african-american-hollywood HAVE COMPUTER GENERATED IMAGES CHANGED THE DEFINITION OF CINEMATOGRAPHY? http: //nofilmschool. com/2014/01 /digital-technology-changed-definition-cinematography/ 64 http: //www. atgetphotography. com/The-Photographers/Eadweard-Muybridge. html

You. Tube Films • • Arrival of a Train La sortie des usines Lumiére The Kiss Experimental Sound Film The Great Train Robbery A Trip to the Moon Al Jolson-Tootsie 1927 65

You. Tube Films • From Film to Digitalhttps: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=j. GBeve 5 GG 1 A • Origins of the Motion Picture https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=TAy 8 g 2 k. Yyxw 66