Introduction to Exceptionalities Who are Individuals with Exceptionalities

Introduction to Exceptionalities

Who are Individuals with Exceptionalities? Individuals who differ from the norm, either above or below Require an individualized program

Four Key Terms Impairment: The loss or reduced function of a body part or organ Disability: Exists when an impairment limits the ability to perform certain tasks Handicap: problem encountered when interacting with the environment At Risk: individuals with a greater than usual chance of developing a disability

Video Watch the video - What is a disability A record-breaker at the Paralympic Games in 1996, Aimee Mullins has built a career as a model, actor and advocate for women, sports and the next generation of prosthetics. Aimee Mullins was born without fibular bones, and had both of her legs amputated below the knee when she was an infant. She learned to walk on prosthetics, then to run -competing at the national and international level as a champion sprinter, and setting world records at the 1996 Paralympics in Atlanta. https: //www. ted. com/talks/aimee_mullins_prosthetic_aesth etics? language=en THINK-PAIR-SHARE

History of Special Education First educational programs were set up for deafness or blindness (early 1900 s) Mid-19 th century, states began enacting compulsory education laws Immigration & compulsory school attendance encouraged diversity. Until mid-1970 s, students who could not perform in general education classes were ignored, placed in isolated classes or transferred to state institutions.

Brown vs the Board of Education (1954) Most well-known as a civil rights case regarding race Generated the basis for argument that separate programs are unequal and that ALL children must have an equal education made available to them

Brown vs BOE https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=TTGHLdr-iak For more detail: http: //www. pbs. org/newshour/extra/2014/04/60 thanniversary-of-brown-v-board-of-educationresources/

PARC v Commonwealth of PA (1971) Led to court determination that it is not rational to deny retarded children an education Free public education is a right of handicapped children Parents must be notified of program changes

Mills v DC Board of Education (1972) Recognized the need for equal “opportunity” in education Noted that a lack of funds is no excuse for school divisions not providing services

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Protects individuals from being discriminated against because of a disability. Originally targeted employment discrimination, but broadened to include public school education, higher education, social services, health care, & transportation.

Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) of 1975 (PL 94 -142) Mandated free, appropriate public education (FAPE) Required an Individualized Education Program (IEP) Invited parent participation in planning of the child’s education Required placement in the least restrictive environment (LRE)

Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act of 1990 (IDEA) Replaced “handicap” with “disability” Introduced “people first” language Added Autism and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) to the list of disabilities Required multidisciplinary teams to determine eligibility (label) Required an IEP team for placement decisions

Video Challenge: What Do You See? Perceptions of Disability http: //iris. peabody. vanderbilt. edu/module/da 5/challenge/#content Activities: Iris Challenge, Initial thoughts, perspective and resources page 1 and 2, & wrapup ( Michael Naranjo) Activity: Test Your Knowledge

Videos Person First Language http: //www. teachertube. com/video/people-firstlanguage-190441? utm_source=videogoogle&utm_medium=videoview&utm_term=video&utm_content=videopage&utm_campaign=video-view-page Handout and article

Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act of 1990 (continued) Added many related services areas Added transition services for students ages 16 and up Determined that a student “stays put” during due process proceedings Established child find programs to identify un-served preschool children

Continuing with Reauthorizations of IDEA

IDEA-97 (The Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act Amendments of 1997) Includes students with disabilities in state and district wide assessment programs Increased the role of the general educator in the IEP development and evaluation process Increased parent participation in eligibility and placement decisions Streamlined the reevaluation process with input from the IEP team

IDEA-97 (continued) Revised transition services to address needs of students ages 14 and up for course of study and post secondary planning Initiated mediation systems for conflict resolution Provided for continuation of services when children with challenging behaviors face disciplinary action

General Education Legislation: No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 Reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA) Emphasizes Accountability for results Flexibility related to budgetary matters Options for parents and children Proven teaching methods

Impact of NCLB on Special Education Renewed emphasis on reading and other core academics Documentation of adequate yearly progress (AYP) Use of research-based practices Teacher licensure procedures have begun to change significantly in preparation to approve “highly qualified” teachers

Legal History of Special Education - Overview 1960 s & Before 1970 s & 1980 s No laws governing disabilities ADA, PL 94 -142 200, 000 + in institutions, Over 1 Mil denied public education Public Access, Access to Schools, Individualized Education Plans 1990 s 2004 to Now PL 94 -142 NCLB, IDEA reauthorized 2004 Reauth. to IDEA Inclusion, Person first, 0 -6, autism & traumatic brain injury, transition All students included in statewide assessment, behavior regulations

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Six Major Principles of IDEA Zero Reject: Schools must educate all students with disabilities Nondiscriminatory Identification: non-biased testing, multiple tests used Free and Appropriate Public Education: an IEP for each child

Six Principles, Continued Least Restrictive Environment: educated with students without disabilities to maximum extent Procedural safeguards: parents’ and children’s rights protected Shared Decision Making: Team approach to planning and implementing special education services

Other Provisions of IDEA Services for preschoolers (Ages 3 to 5) Early Intervention for Infants and Toddlers (Birth through age 2) Assistive Technology (A part of FAPE) Scientifically based instruction Universal Design for Learning (Curricular materials and learning technologies should be designed from the beginning to be flexible enough to accommodate the learning styles of a wide range of individuals, including children with disabilities. )

If there is 1 thing I want you to get out of this class…. It is to remember to use Person First Language!!