Introduction to Computer Architecture Lecture 1 Introduction August

Introduction to Computer Architecture Lecture 1 – Introduction August 18 th, 2008 www. qatar. cmu. edu Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Teaching Staff • Instructors - Prof. Majd F. Sakr (msakr@cmu. edu) - Prof. Nael Abu-Ghazaleh (naelag@cmu. edu) • TA - Adnan Majeed (amajeed@qatar. cmu. edu) Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Where Do We Find a Computer/Processor? Planes ATMs ipod PDA Cameras Cars Watch Cell phones Traffic Controller Design & Engineering Music Robots Games Microwave Medical (MRI) Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Why Did We Develop Computers? A solution to a problem! While thinking of a solution, think about: Problem Solution Implementation • Cost $$$ • Speed Computer • Energy/Power Result • Size • Efficiency • etc… Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Types of Computers ° Personal Computer ° Workstation ° Server ° Supercomputer ° Embedded Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Number of Computers Sold Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Computer Architecture Our Area of Understanding Problem Solution Our Area of Focus Implementation Compiler Computer Result Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Where is “Computer Architecture and Engineering”? Application (Media. Player) Compiler Software Hardware Assembler Operating System (Windows XP) Processor Memory I/O system Instruction Set Architecture Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design Architecture transistors * Coordination of many levels of abstraction Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer Personal Computer Processor Control (“brain”) Datapath (“work”) Memory Devices (where programs & data live when running) Input Output Keyboard, Mouse Disk (where programs & data live when not running) Display, Printer Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Computer Technology - Dramatic Change! ° Processor • 2 X in speed every 1. 5 years (since ‘ 85); 100 X performance increase in last decade. ° Memory • DRAM capacity: 2 x / 2 years (since ‘ 96); 64 x size improvement in last decade. ° Disk • Capacity: 2 X / 1 year (since ‘ 97) • 250 X size increase in last decade. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Tech. Trends: Microprocessor Complexity 2 * transistors/Chip Every 1. 5 to 2. 0 years Called “Moore’s Law” Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Architecture & Organization ° Computer Architecture • What the “low level” programmer sees - Types of Instructions - Number of Registers - Types of Operations ° Computer Organization • How the designer Implements the Design - Layout - Interconnection (wires) Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Computer Architecture and Organization Application (Media. Player) Compiler Software Assembler Operating System (Windows XP) Instruction Set Architecture Hardware Processor Memory I/O system Architecture Datapath & Control Layout & Technology Digital Design Circuit Design Organization Transistors Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Architecture & Organization 1 ° Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer • Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques. • e. g. Is there a multiply instruction? ° Organization is how features are implemented • Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. • e. g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Architecture & Organization 2 ° All Intel x 86 family share the same basic architecture ° The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture ° This gives code compatibility • At least backwards ° Organization might highly differ between different versions Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Course Path Instruction Sets opcode Arithmetic rs rt rd shamt funct opcode rs rt offset opcode rs rt immediate opcode rs rt opcode rd shamt funct Performance 00 CPU “Moore’s Law” 100 µProc 60%/yr. (2 X/1. 5 yr) Processor-Memory Performance Gap: (grows 50% / year) 10 DRAM 9%/yr. DRAM (2 X/10 yrs) Computer Architecture Fall ‘ 08 Y O U R Time 1999 2000 1997 1998 1993 1994 1995 1996 1991 1992 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1982 1983 1984 1985 1980 1981 1 Datapaths & Control I/O Memory Systems Computer Architecture Fall 2008 © C P U

Homeworks and Projects ° Quizzes (weekly) ° Assignment (every ~2 weeks) ° Project (every ~3 -4 weeks) ° End of Semester Project: • Demo • Oral Presentation • Head-to-head Race • Final Report Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Course Exams ° Reduce the pressure of taking exams • Exam II • Final ° Goal • Our goal: test knowledge vs. speed writing (no memorization) • Review meetings: before? Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Grading ° Grade breakdown • Exam I: 10% • Exam II: 10% • Final: 20% • Projects 40% • Homeworks 10% • Quizzes 5% • Attendance/Participation: 5% ° No late homeworks or projects! ° Written request for changes to grades Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Our Goals ° Show you how to understand modern computer architecture in its rapidly changing form ° Show you how to design by leading you through the process on challenging design problems and by examining real designs ° Learn application analysis and new design techniques Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Text ° Required: Computer Organization and Design, 3 rd Edition, Patterson and Hennessy (COD) ° Reference: Computer Organization and Architecture, 6 th. Edition, William Stallings • Readings on web page http: //williamstallings. com/COA 6 e. html ° Reference: Structured Computer Organization, 4 th Edition, Andrew S. Tanenbaum Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

The Big Picture Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Types of Processors Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Hardware/Software Divide Excel Internet Explorer Visual Studio Application So ftw m e t are s Sy Hardware Windows XP Linux Solaris OS X PC MAC SUN Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Program Path to Execution High Level Language Program (. c file) Compiler Assembly Language Program (. asm file) Assembler Binary Machine Language Program (. exe file) Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

The Five Components of a Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

The Motherboard: The five von Neumann components: Input & Output ALU & CU M Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Motherboard Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Inside the Processor Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Manufacturing Process Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

An 8 -inch (200 -mm) Diameter Wafer Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Modern Fabs ° Current minimum feature size is 45 nano meters (45 x 10 -9 meters) ° Can fit over a million transistors on the tip of a hair ° Fab facility costs 3 billion US $ • Many chip designers are fab-less ° Employs 100 s of employees ° Yield on the order of 30% Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Computer’s History 1 st generation: Vacuum Tubes ° During World War 2 the Army’s Ballistics Research Laboratory employed more than 200 people to solve essential ballistics equations using desktop calculators. Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

1 st generation: Vacuum Tubes Professor Mauchly (EE) & his gradate student Eckert proposed to build a general purpose computer using vacuum tubes for the Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL) Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) ° ENIAC built in World War II was the first general purpose computer • Used for computing artillery firing tables • 24 meters long by 2. 5 meters high and several meters wide • Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 1 meter long –Since then: Moore’s Law: transistor capacity doubles every 18 -24 months Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

1 st generation: ENIAC Completed in 1946 Programming the ENIAC ° Decimal (not binary) ° 20 accumulators of 10 digits ° Programmed manually by switches & cables 0 1 2 ° 18, 000 vacuum tubes 9 8 ° 30 tons 4 7 ° 15, 000 square feet ° 140 k. W power consumption ° 5, 000 additions per second Computer Architecture 3 Fall 2008 © 6 5

The von Neuman machine - Completed 1952 ° Stored Program concept Scientist at the Institute of Advanced Studies ° Main memory storing programs and data ° ALU operating on binary data ° Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing ° Input and Output equipment operated by control unit Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Structure of von Neumann Machine Central Processing Unit CPU CA Arithmetic –Logic Unit Main Memory M Input/Output Equipment Program Control Unit CC I/O R Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Commercial Computers ° 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation ° 1 st successful machine: UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) ° Commissioned by the US Bureau of Census for the 1950 calculations ° Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation ° Late 1950 s - UNIVAC II • Faster • More memory • Upward Compatibility Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

2 nd Generation: Transistors ° Replaced vacuum tubes ° Smaller & Cheaper ° Less heat dissipation ° Solid State device (silicon) ° Invented 1947 at Bell Labs The First Transistor Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Transistor Based Computers ° Second generation machines ° NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines ° IBM 7000 ° DEC - 1957 • Produced PDP-1 Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Microelectronics ° Literally - “small electronics” ° A computer is made up of gates, memory cells and interconnections ° These can be manufactured on a semiconductor ° e. g. silicon wafer Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Growth in CPU Transistor Count Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Moore’s Law ° Increased density of components on chip ° Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel ° Number of transistors on a chip will double every year ° Since 1970’s development has slowed a little • Number of transistors doubles every 18 months ° Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Moore’s Law - Cont’d ° Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance ° Smaller size gives increased flexibility ° Reduced power and cooling requirements ° Fewer interconnections increases reliability Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Moore’s Law—Will it continue? ° A number of “walls” on the horizon • Physical process wall: impossible to continue shrinking transistor sizes - Already leading to low yield, soft-errors, process variations • Power wall - Power consumption and density have also been increasing • Other issues: - What to do with the transistors? Wire delays Memory and I/O walls New architectures? Multi-cores Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Yield Trends with Process Size Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©

Computer Generations Generation Dates Technology 1 1946 -1957 Vacuum Tube Operations per Second 40, 000 2 1958 -1964 Transistor 200, 000 3 1965 -1971 1, 000 4 1972 -1977 5 1978 -… Small & Medium Scale Integration Large Scale Integration (LSI) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Computer Architecture 10, 000 100, 000 Fall 2008 ©

And in conclusion. . . ° Continued rapid improvement in Computing • 2 X every 1. 5 years in processor speed; every 2. 0 years in memory size; every 1. 0 year in disk capacity; Moore’s Law enables processor, memory (2 X transistors/chip/ ~1. 5 ro 2. 0 yrs) ° 5 classic components of all computers Control Datapath Memory Input Output } Processor Computer Architecture Fall 2008 ©