Introduction to Civil Engineering Chapter 5 Transportation Bridge

土木 程概论 Introduction to Civil Engineering 第五章 交通、桥梁与港口 程 Chapter 5 Transportation, Bridge and harbor Engineering

Transportation Engineering • What is Transportation Engineering? The transportation system is a basic component of any area's physical, economic, and social structure. Not only does the design and performance of the transportation system provide opportunities for mobility; but over the long term, it influences patterns of growth and the level of economic activity through the accessibility it provides the land.

Transportation Engineering • What is Transportation Engineering? The field of Transportation Engineering focuses on the planning, design, construction, and management of transportation systems. These systems consist of the facilities, vehicles, control mechanisms, and the policies that combine to permit the efficient conveyance of people and goods. Designs highway systems (layout, routing), pavement material, airport runways, and rapid transit projects. Also involved in computer control of traffic signals.

Transportation Engineering • What is Transportation Engineering? It contains the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of air, highway, and urban transportation, as well as pipeline facilities for water, oil, and gas. Specific topics include airport and highway pavement maintenance and performance. Transportation systems include highways, roads, railways, inland waterways and airways.

Transportation Engineering The importance of transportation network: • It is necessary for economic, cultural and social life of people of a country. • The movement of people and goods can only be possible with a good transportation network. • Trade and commerce depend on the transportation system. • The security of a country requires a good transportation network. • The state of advancement of country is reflected by the development of the country’s transportation.

Transportation Engineering Highways: • • Highways are considered the most important system because of the following additional reasons: They can be used by all kinds of vehicles They reach all places, hills to tiny villages Highways can be laid as per economic conditions and as per importance from mud roads to concrete roads A change in specification from an ordinary to an improved version can be effected with ease

Transportation Engineering Classification of highways (According to its traffic capacity, location and the types of pavement used): • National highways • State highways • Mayer district roads • Other district roads • Village roads Classification as per road structure: • Water bound macadam roads • Bitumen top roads • Concrete roads

Transportation Engineering Consideration in planning a highway: • Highway should pass through important towns en-route • Highway should not lie on protected place • Land cost should be minimum • Topographical features may require a circuitous route • Maximum use must be made with existing paths and bridges • Materials and labour should be available all along route • Crossing should be minimum because bridges and tunnels are costly

Transportation Engineering Geometric characteristics: • Width • Camber • Super elevation • Gradient • Vertical curves • Horizontal curves • Sight distances Two lane National highway in rural area

Transportation Engineering Geometric characteristics:

Transportation Engineering Structure of the road • Rigid pavements • Flexible pavements

Transportation Engineering Railway engineering: • Permanent way: The railway track including the earthen formation is called permanent way. • Track: The track comprises the part of rails fixed to the sleepers which rest on the ballast. The rails are fixed such that they are parallel and separated exactly by a distant called gauge.

Transportation Engineering Some other important components of railways: • Points and crossing • Stations and yards • Signal • Interlocking

Transportation Engineering Railway engineering: • Picture of Philip working on the Rail Tracks

Transportation Engineering Classification of Bridges: • Mainly classified according to the position, material, and characteristic of the deck slab as well as the material and structural form of the arrangement which support the deck slab. The various classifications are • Usage: as highway, railway, aqueduct and pedestrian, • Materials: as timber, masonry, concrete, steel, prestressed and composite, • Position of deck slab: as through, semi-through, and deck, • Structural from: As arch, slab, beam, and suspension, • Movement of deck slab: as Bascule, vertical lift etc.

Transportation Engineering Basic bridges forms: • The beam form: steel bridges, RC slab bridges, tee beam bridges, continuous beam bridges, balanced cantilever. • The arch form • The suspension form Other types of bridges: • Movable bridges • Swing bridges • Bascule bridges • Vertical lift bridges • Pontoon bridges • Causeways • Cable stayed bridges

Transportation Engineering bridges forms:

Transportation Engineering Tee beam bridge Continuous bridge

Transportation Engineering bridges forms:

Transportation Engineering bridges forms:

Transportation Engineering Bridges components: • Foundations: They carry heavy loads. • Abutment and piers: Piers are vertical supports to the bridge structure. • Bearing: A mechanical arrangement inserted over the pier below the bridge structure proper for efficient load distribution from the bridge structure to pier is called a bearing. • Deck slab: The surface on which traffic moves is the deck slab and it is made up of reinforced concrete. The deck slab is supported on a structural from which transfers the load to the sub-structure.

Harbor Engineering • What is Harbor Engineering? Sheltered water where ships can lie and, in some harbors, load or unload. It may be natural or artificially sheltered. A harbor without loading facilities, provided at an in hospitable coastline merely to allow shipping to shelter during storms. Every harbor must serve as a harbor of refuge, so the term is applied only to those that serve no other purpose.

Transportation Engineering Review Questions What is the importance of a transportation network? What is the importance of highways over other transportation systems? How are roads classified according to the road structure? What are the points to be considered while planning a highway? What is a gradient? Sketch the cross section of a road. Indicate its structural components, stating each of their functions. Distinguish between a rigid pavement and a flexible pavement. How are bridges classified according to their usage? What are three major structural forms of bridges? Sketch and explain Tee beam bridges. What are the different forms of arch bridges? Explain the concept of suspension bridges. What are the movable bridges?