INTRODUCTION TO CAREER GUIDANCE WORKSHOP III Presentation at

INTRODUCTION TO CAREER GUIDANCE – WORKSHOP III Presentation at Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt 29 th November 2017 Tristram Hooley

OVERVIEW Today we are going to look at some of theories that underpin career guidance. These theories seek to explain how people’s careers ‘work’ and each suggests different approaches for career guidance. The different theorists disagree with each other – so you will have to decide which theories are most useful to you and your clients.

THEORIES MAKE THINGS SIMPLE It can scarcely be denied that the supreme goal of all theory is to make the irreducible basic elements as simple and as few as possible without having to surrender the adequate representation of a single datum of experience. Albert Einstein - On the Method of Theoretical Physics, the Herbert Spencer Lecture, Oxford, June 10, 1933.

Matching/ trait and factor theories IMPORTA NT CAREER THEORIE S Developmental theories Structuralism Narrative theories Theories of social justice

FRANK PARSONS’ METHOD In the wise choice of a vocation there are three broad factors: 1. a clear understanding of yourself, your aptitudes, abilities, interests, ambitions, resources, limitations and their causes; 2. a knowledge of the requirements, and conditions of success, advantages and disadvantages, compensation, opportunities and prospects in different lines of work; 3. true reasoning on the relations of these two groups of facts.

JOHN HOLLAND RIASEC “…people tend to act on their dominant interests and seek occupations in which their interests can be expressed. ” (Holland 1996: 400) Which type best describes you?

JOBS ASSOCIATED WITH HOLLAND TYPES Realistic Investigativ e Artistic Social Enterprising Convention al Carpenter Biologist Actor Athletic Trainer Auctioneer Bank Teller Diesel Mechanic Chemist Art Teacher Counsellor Farmer Computer Programmer Book Editor Fire Fighter Dentist Clothes Designer Flight Engineer Electrical Engineer Comedian Forester Mathematician Composer Locksmith Medical Technician Dancer Dental Hygienist Bank President Camp Director City Manager Bookkeeper Court Clerk Librarian Customs Inspector Mail Carrier Nurse Hotel Manager Post Office Clerk Parole Officer Judge Secretary Physical Therapist Pilot Meteorologist Disk Jockey Police Officer Pharmacist Graphic Designer Social Worker Truck Driver Physician Musician Teacher Lawyer Real Estate Agent School Principal TV Newscaster Timekeeper Title Examiner Typist

DISCUSSI ON What do you think about these matching theories? What are the advantages and disadvantages of them? How could you/do you use them with your clients?

DEVELOPMENTALISM

Sunday 0 -12 years WINDMILL S – WHAT DAY OF THE WEEK IS IT? Monday 13 -24 years Tuesday 25 -36 years Wednesday 37 -48 years Thursday 49 -60 years Friday 61 -72 years Saturday 72 -84 years Sunday 85+

GINZBERG ET AL. ’S LIFE STAGES Fantasy (up to 11) Tentative (11 -17) • Interest • Capacity • Value Realistic (17 onwards) • Exploration • Crystallisation • Specification

SUPER’S LIFE/CAREER RAINBOW

What do you think about these developmental theories? DISCUSSI ON What are the advantages and disadvantages of them? How could you/do you use them with your clients?

STRUCTUR ALISM

PAUL WILLIS People make very few career choices. They work within the structures that they are presented with. This offers the illusion of choice and even of resistance. But actually most people end up following very predictable career paths.

KEN ROBERTS AND ‘OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE’ What is the role for career guidance within these constraints?

DISCUSSI ON What do you think about these structural theories? What are the advantages and disadvantages of them? How could you use them with your clients?

NARRATIVE THEORIES

LIFE DESIGN People use stories to organize their lives, construct their identities, and make sense of their problems. Clients enter counseling with a story to tell about some transition. The stories people tell have a way of taking care of them. By holding those stories in the relationship, counselors enable clients to reflect on their lives. Dwelling in their own stories often destabilizes old ideas that block decision making and usually enables an awareness that prompts a choice. As clients give voice to their stories, they hear what they already know and find the answers which they seek. Mark Savickas

LAW’S 3 SCENE STORY BOARDING

EXERCISE: DRAW A 3 SCENE STORYBOARD OF A CAREER DECISION THAT YOU HAVE MADE The opening scene – the way things were The big scene – when things changed The following scene – how things are different What have you learnt by viewing your decision as a narrative? What can you transfer to your next decision? How can you control your story and make a turning point?

DISCUSSI ON What do you think about these narrative theories? What are the advantages and disadvantages of them? How could you use them with your clients?

THEORIES OF SOCIAL JUSTICE

TONY WATTS - SOCIOPOLITICAL IDEOLOGIES OF GUIDANCE Progres Radical (social change) sive (individu al change) Conserv ative (social control) Liberal (nondirective )

Careers emerge out of context KEY IDEAS The fate of individuals is linked to their community Power organises life chances Solutions need to move people forwards both individually and collectively People should learn more about how the world works (even if it is unfair) and their position within it

5 QUESTIONS CAREER GUIDANCE SHOULD ASK • Who am I? • How does the world work? • Where do I fit into the world? • How can I live with others? • How do I go about changing the world?

DISCUSSI ON What do you think about these social justice focused theories? What are the advantages and disadvantages of them? How could you use them with your clients?

REFERENCES Amundson, N. E. , Mills, L. M. , & Smith, B. A. (2014). Incorporating chaos and paradox into career development. Australian Journal of Career Development, 23(1), 13 -21. Blustein, D. (2013). The Psychology of Working. London: Routledge. Ginzberg, E. , Ginsburg, S. W. , Axelrad, S. , & Herma, J. L. (1951). Occupational choice: An approach to a general theory. New York: Columbia University Press. Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices Hooley, T. (2015). Emancipate Yourselves from Mental Slavery: Self-Actualisation, Social Justice and the Politics of Career Guidance. Derby: International Centre for Guidance Studies, University of Derby. Hooley, T. and Sultana, R. (2016). Career guidance for social justice. Journal of the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling, 36, 2 -11. Hooley, T. , Sultana, R. G. and Thomsen, R. (2017). The neoliberal challenge to career guidance - mobilising research, policy and practice around social justice. In Hooley, T. , Sultana, R. G. and Thomsen, R. (Eds. ) Career guidance for social justice: Contesting neoliberalism. London: Routledge. Mc. Ilveen, P. (2014). Hope-narratives as a chaos theory of career intervention for failure. Australian Journal of Career Development, 23(1), 3743. Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a Vocation. Pryor, R. and Bright, J. (2011). The Chaos Theory of Careers. London: Routledge.

MORE REFERENCES Reid, H. , & West, L. (2014). Telling Tales: Do Narrative Approaches for Career Counseling Count? . In Handbook of career development (pp. 413 -430). Springer New York. Roberts, K. (1977). The social conditions, consequences and limitations of career guidance’, British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 5, 1 -9. Savickas, M. L. (2015). Life Design Counseling Manual. Available at http: //vocopher. com/Life. Design. pdf [Accessed 11 th January 2017] Super, D. E. (1990) A life-span, life-space approach to career development. In Brown, D. Brooks, L. & Associates (Eds. ). Career Choice and Development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp 197 -261. Thomsen, R. (2012). Career Guidance in Communities. Aarhus, Denmar: Aarhus University Press. Thomsen, R. (2017). Career Guidance in Communities: A Model for Reflexive Practice. Derby: International Centre for Guidance Studies, University of Derby. Thrift, E. , and Amundson, N. (2005). Hermeneutic-narrative approach to career counselling: An alternative to postmodernism. Perspectives in Education, 23(2), 9 -20. Watson, M. B. , and Mc. Mahon, M. L. (2005). Postmodern (narrative) career counselling and education. Perspectives in Education, 23(2), vii-ix. Hooley, T. and Barham, L. (Eds. ). (2015). Career Development Policy and Practice: The Tony Watts Reader. Stafford: Highflyers. Willis, P. (1977). Learning to labour. Farnborough: Saxon House.

IN SUMMARY Career theory asks BIG questions about how the world works. It asks us to think about how individuals build their careers and what psychological and social forces act on this. There is no one right answer. But thinking about theory can help to inform our practice and our research.

TRISTRAM HOOLEY Director of Research, The Careers & Enterprise Company/ Professor of Career Education, University of Derby/ Professor II, Inland Norway University of Applied Science thooley@careersandenterprise. co. uk @pigironjoe Blog at http: //adventuresincareerdevelopment. wordpress. com