Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Lecture 1 a Course

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Lecture 1 a: Course Overview and Introduction CE-40417 SAT 1030 -1200, WED 900 -1030 Hall 308, Computer Engineering Dept. Ramin Halavati Room 308, CE Dept. halavati@ce. sharif. edu

TARGET • Getting a Feeling of Artificial Intelligence, its fields, open problems, and schools of thought • Learning some basic tools of Artificial Intelligence • Having a little experience with Artificial Intelligence

TEXT BOOK Chapters 1 - ~13 Informed Search Logic & Reasoning Games Planning + Some additional parts, if possible.

ASSESSMENTS: • • Mid Term Exam: Final Exam: Exercises: Project: Essay: Class Work: Total: 7 (30 -1 -1383) 8 2 2 (3 if before final exam) 1 (3 if impressive and well presented) 1. 20 -24 To join mailing list: mail to: halavati@ce. sharif. edu w/ subject ADD 2 LIST

WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE AND WHO IS INTELLIGENT?

ABOUT INTELLIGENCE • Intelligence is subjective, – You need not be great in all domains to be called intelligent. – Physicists boil watches! – Frogs, Wasps, Crickets, etc. • Intelligence is a relative measure. – A child who talks fluently. – A dog which identifies his owner’s voice – I. Q.

QUOTES ABOUT INTELLIGENCE • The ability to carry out abstract thinking. (Terman, 1921) • The capacity for knowledge, and knowledge possessed. (Henmon, 1921) • The capacity to learn or to profit by experience. (Dearborn, 1921) • Intelligence is what is measured by intelligence tests. (Boring, 1923) • A global concept that involves an individual's ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment. (Wechsler, 1958) • Intelligence is a general factor that runs through all types of performance. (Jensen) • A person possesses intelligence insofar as he had learned, or can learn, to adjust himself to his environment. (Colvin 1982)

QUOTES ABOUT INTELLIGENCE • Intelligence is adaptation to the environment. (unknown) • Intelligence is that faculty of mind by which order is perceived in a situation previously considered disordered. (R. W. Young, 1999) • Intelligent activity consists of grasping the essentials in a given situation and responding appropriately to them. (unknown) • Intelligence is the ability to use optimally limited resources including time - to achieve goals. (Kurzweil, 1999) • Intelligence is what you do when you don't know what to do. (unknown) • Intelligence is a hypothetical idea which we have defined as being reflected by certain types of behavior. (unknown)

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE? - SAMPLES • • • Thermostats? Phones that recognize names? Spelling auto-correction? Washers that adjust to weight? Lights that go off automatically? Spaceships that cruise automatically for years? Aircrafts Autopilots? Games? …

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE? • To create machines, smarter than previous ones. • To add features to machines which machines don’t have, but human has.

SAMPLES OF HUMAN LEVEL INTELLIGENCE • • You beat somebody at chess )or checkers or backgammon or go or Othello or poker. ( You prove a mathematical theorem using a set of known axioms. You are told some facts about the relationship between forests and the weather and you conclude that the practices of logging companies should change. On a particular day, you need to buy a bunch of things, meet three different people, return some books to the library, and get a certain amount of exercise. You plan the day in such a way that everything is achieved in an efficient manner. You are a lawyer who is asked to defend someone. You recall three similar cases in which the defendant was found guilty, and you turn down the potential client. You are trying to come up with an algorithm to solve a problem using other algorithms you are familiar with. You have meta-knowledge about how one should think about algorithms, and you use this knowledge to critique your algorithm as you create it. A stranger passing you on the street notices your watch and asks, "Can you tell me the time? " You say, "It's 3: 00, " and not simply "Yes. "

SAMPLES OF HUMAN LEVEL INTELLIGENCE • • • You are told to find a large Phillips screwdriver in a cluttered workroom. You enter the room (you've never been there before), look around, make your way around without falling over things, and eventually find the screwdriver. You are shown five letters in an unfamiliar font. Later you recognize this font when you see a different character from it, and you are also able to make good guesses as to what the other characters in the font would look like. Asked to prove a geometry theorem, you draw a diagram and use it to help you. You're a 6 -month-old infant. You can produce sounds with your vocal organs, and you can hear speech sounds around you, but you don't know how to make the sounds you're hearing. In the next year you figure out what the sounds of your parents' language are and how to make them. Someone taps out a rhythm, and you are able to beat along with it and to continue to even after it stops. You're some sort of primitive invertebrate. You know nothing about how to move about in your world, only that you need to find food and keep from bumping into walls. After lots of reinforcement and punishment (maybe generations of it), you get around just fine.

ABSTRCTION OF HUMAN LEVEL INTELLIGENCE • Learning • Reasoning • Problem Solving • Perception – Vision – Audio • Language

FORMAL DEFINITION of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Human Level Rational Behavior Systems that behave like humans. Systems that act rationally. Thinking Systems that think like humans. Systems that think rationally.

HOW TO JUDGE A. I. ? • Systems that think like human. – Comparison of thinking process with that of human. • General Problem Solver, (Newel and Simon, 1961) – Comparison with Psychological Theories • Gestalt School, Emotions, … – Inspiration from Biology • Neural Nets, … X Human thinking has lots of mysteries.

HOW TO JUDGE A. I. ? • Systems that think rationally. – To mathematically / logically prove the approach. X How to prove a machine recognizes faces correctly? X How to prove what’s the best action at such moment?

HOW TO JUDGE A. I. ? • Systems that act like human. – Turing Test, Alen Turing, 1950 • Basic test: – Interrogator in one room, human in another, system in a third – Interrogator asks questions; human and system answer – Interrogator tries to guess which is which – If the system wins, it’s passed the Turing Test • The system doesn’t have to tell the truth (obviously…)

THE TURING TEST http: //aimovie. warnerbros. com http: //www. ai. mit. edu/projects/infolab/

THE TURING TEST http: //aimovie. warnerbros. com http: //www. ai. mit. edu/projects/infolab/

THE TURING TEST http: //aimovie. warnerbros. com http: //www. ai. mit. edu/projects/infolab/

THE TURING TEST http: //aimovie. warnerbros. com http: //www. ai. mit. edu/projects/infolab/

THE TURING TEST http: //aimovie. warnerbros. com http: //www. ai. mit. edu/projects/infolab/

HOW TO JUDGE A. I. ? – Turing Test continued • Basic Test: – Natural Language Processing – Knowledge Representation – Reasoning – Learning • Additional Subjects: – Emotions, Characteristics – Vision – Speech recognition and production – Robotics

HOW TO JUDGE A. I. ? • Systems that behave rationally – A rationality measure – Distance to goal – False alarms – Bounded rationality

Summery • Intelligence? Just a general subjective – relative performance measure. • Artificial Intelligence? Similar, but for machines. • Measures of A. I. – Thinking vs. Behavoir – Human Level vs. Rational • Turing Test • Rational Agents

Essay Proposals 1. What is intelligence? What are samples of intelligence among natural beings? 2. What is artificial intelligence? What are samples of artificially intelligent systems in current life? 3. What future applications of A. I. do you see? 4. What is the role of A. I. in Games? Bring Some Samples.