Introduction to Antennas Pozar Microwave Enginering EEE 212

Introduction to Antennas Pozar, Microwave Enginering EEE 212 Modern Antenna Design

Very-low frequency (vlf) antennas - 3 khz-30 khz Towers 600 ft-1500 ft high Very high transmitted power ~2 MW Communication with submarines US Navy Non-Resident Training Course

Low-Frequency Antennas (LF)- 30 k. Hz-300 k. Hz US Navy Non-Resident Training Course

Low-Frequency Antennas (LF)- 30 k. Hz-300 k. Hz US Navy Non-Resident Training Course

Medium-Frequency Antennas (LF)- 300 k. Hz-3 MHz • Towers 80 ft-800 ft high (25 -250 m) • Very high transmitted power ~2 MW • Commercial AM Broadcast from 526. 5 k. Hz to 1606. 5 k. Hz http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Medium_frequency

High-Frequency (HF)- 3 MHz-30 MHz US Navy Non-Resident Training Course

Another High-Frequency (HF)- 3 MHz-30 MHz Southern Hemisphere Auroral Radar Experiment (Antarctic) Observes electric fields in ionosphere and magnetosphere http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere_Auroral_Radar_Experiment

Radio Astronomy Observatory New Mexico VLA 74 MHz to 50 GHz http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Very_Large_Array

Very High-Frequency (HF)- 30 MHz-300 MHz FM Radio Broadcasting TV Broadcasting http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Antenna. jpg US Navy Non-Resident Training Course

Ultra High-Frequency (UHF)- 300 MHz-3 GHz • 1 dm-1 m • Line-of-sight • television broadcasting, cordless phones, walkie-talkies, satellite communication • GSM (2 G) and UMTS (3 G) cellular networks (800, 900 and 1800 MHz) http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/d/d 3/UHF_TV_Antenna_001. JPG http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Antenna. jpg

Super High-Frequency (SHF)- 3 GHz-30 GHz US Navy Non-Resident Training Course http: //upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/comm ons/7/76/Parabolic_antennas. JPG

Super High-Frequency (SHF)- 3 GHz-30 GHz Horn Antennas http: //www. q-par. com/products/hornantennas/horn-antennas-catalogue. pdf/view http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Horn_antenna

More Horn Antennas

http: //www. dimensionsinfo. com/rabbit-ears-antenna-dimensions/

http: //homewireless. org/wp/2010/05/antenna s-part-1/

http: //www. skyrfid. com/index. php? pr=RFID_Circular_Antenna_Types

http: //www 2. ece. ohio-state. edu/~roblin/Design. html

EEE 212 MOBILE PHONE ANTENNAS (THROUGH HISTORY)

Sleeve Dipole Picture from Antenna Design for Mobile Devices by Zhang.

Sleeve Dipole Picture from Antenna Design for Mobile Devices by Zhang.

Whip/Stubby Combination Antenna Picture from Antenna Design for Mobile Devices by Zhang.

Stubby Antenna Picture from Antenna Design for Mobile Devices by Zhang.

Internal Antenna Picture from Antenna Design for Mobile Devices by Zhang.

Bottom Internal Antenna Picture from Antenna Design for Mobile Devices by Zhang.

Stubby Antennas Picture from Antenna Design for Mobile Devices by Zhang.

Monopole and Helix Antennas Picture from Antenna Design for Mobile Devices by Zhang.

Multi-Band Stubby Antenna Picture from Antenna Design for Mobile Devices by Zhang.

EEE 212 ANTENNA RADIATION-GENERAL IDEAS

http: //www. goingwimax. com/what-is-a-wimax -antenna-4165/

Directivity (Gain) of antenna radiation http: //www. bukasa. co. ug/articles. php? conten =article 1_wifi_section 4

EEE 212 ANTENNA PARAMETERS

Antenna Parameters • Gain – how well antenna radiates in a direction • Directivity – max. value of gain • Efficiency – total power radiated divided by input power • Input Impedance – the load that antenna presents to the feeding circuitry • Bandwidth – frequency range in which antenna has it’s charachteristics • Polarization – orientation of electric field radiated • Far Field - Region far away from the antenna where the wave can be approximated with a plane wave

Antenna Parameters - contd • Radiation Pattern – A graphical description of preferred direction of radiation.

Coordinate System Elevation (Elevate-Vertical Azimuth (Horizontal) http: //www. cisco. com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps 7183/ps 469/prod_white_paper 0900 a ecd 806 a 1 a 3 e. html

Measured Radiation Pattern http: //www. cisco. com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps 7183/ps 469/prod_white_paper 0900 a ecd 806 a 1 a 3 e. html

Dipole Antenna Radiation Pattern http: //www. cisco. com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps 7183/ps 469/prod_white_paper 0900 a ecd 806 a 1 a 3 e. html

Omnidirectional Antenna Radiation Pattern http: //www. cisco. com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps 7183/ps 469/prod_white_paper 0900 a ecd 806 a 1 a 3 e. html

Patch Antenna Radiation Pattern http: //www. cisco. com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps 7183/ps 469/prod_white_paper 0900 a ecd 806 a 1 a 3 e. html

Patch Antenna Array Radiation Pattern http: //www. cisco. com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps 7183/ps 469/prod_white_paper 0900 a ecd 806 a 1 a 3 e. html

Patch Antenna Array Radiation Pattern http: //www. cisco. com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps 7183/ps 469/prod_white_paper 0900 a ecd 806 a 1 a 3 e. html

Yagi-Uda Antenna Radiation Pattern http: //www. cisco. com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps 7183/ps 469/prod_white_paper 0900 a ecd 806 a 1 a 3 e. html

Sector Antenna Radiation Pattern http: //www. cisco. com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps 7183/ps 469/prod_white_paper 0900 a ecd 806 a 1 a 3 e. html

Sector Antenna Radiation Pattern Issues http: //www. cisco. com/en/US/prod/collateral/wireless/ps 7183/ps 469/prod_white_paper 0900 a ecd 806 a 1 a 3 e. html

Effective Aperture How effective antenna is in capturing incoming waves (how big is it’s area). Physical area of an antenna is usually smaller than the effective area

Communication Link http: //highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/dl/free/0072321032/62577/ch 02_011_056. pdf

Microwave Propagation

Attenuation of EM Waves vs. Frequency

Ground Propagation