Introduction to Anatomy Study of the structure of

Introduction to Anatomy Study of the structure of the body in health Science of the strucure & function of body Is the foundation of the medical knowledge Comes from Greek word anatome– body cutting ` Subspecialties of anatomy Gross anatomy-as seen with a naked eye Histology- studies tissues using microscopy Cell biology- studies cells using microscopy etc Neuroanatomy-studies nervous tissues Embryology- study of embryo development

Gross anatomy Also known as macroscopic anatomy studied by dissecting the cadaver. The dissection is guided a manual. Can be regional or systemic approach At MUHAS we use the regional approach The body is divided into 6/7 regions -the upper limb -head and neck -abdomen -thorax -lower limb. -pelvis and perineum

Regional approach Studies the boundaries, contents, structures etc. in a a particular region Including: bones, joints, muscles, fasciae, blood vessels, lymphatic, drainage, nerves. Systemic approach Divides the body into various systems Osteology-bones Myology-muscles, Arthrology-joints Angiology-blood vessels Neurology– nerves Digestive system Urinary system, Reproductive system Endocrine system

Methods of study of Gross Anatomy -Dissection and observation (cadaver) -Radiography -Ultrasonography/Ultrasound/ -Computed tomography (CT), -Magnetic Resonance Imaging -Angiography -Endoscopy -Surface anatomy

Cell biology Is studied by using: -Light microscopy -Immunohistochemistry, -Electron microscopy -Immunocytochemistry -Flow cytometry -Molecular techniques -Fluoresent in situ hybridization (FISH) Histology Is basically studied by light and electron microscopy Developmental anatomy deals with the development of a baby from fertilization to birth. Neuroanatomy/Neurology Is the study of the brain spinal cord and nerves

The language of anatomy Anatomy has special terminology Comes from Latin/Greek e. g. : Lavetor-elevate/raise Labium-lip Pollicis-Pollex/thumb Peri- around Halucis halux-big toe Anatomical position Standing erect, feet together, arms by the side; head eyes, palms facing forward

Body Planes • Median plane A back to front vertical plane through the midline. Divides the body into equal right and left halves. • Sagittal plane Any plane parallel to the median plane Median is a form of sagittal planes Paramedian are typical sagittal planes • Frontal plane Any vertical plane at right angles to the median plane. Also called coronal plane. • Transverse plane Any horizontal plane at right angles to both the sagittal and frontal planes.

Terms of relationship Superior and inferior A structure closer to the head than the other is superior; structure away from the head is inferior. In embryology the term cranial replaces superior whereas caudal replaces inferior. • Anterior and posterior A structure nearer the front of the body is anterior; whereas the one nearer the back is posterior. In embryology ventral replaces anterior; and dorsal replaces posterior. • Medial and lateral A structure closer to the median plane is medial A structure away from the median plane is lateral A structure exactly in the midline is median.

Terms of relationship. . . • Proximal and distal This is applied mainly to the limbs. A structure nearer to the point of attachment of the limb is proximal, a structure away from the attachment is distal. • Supine and prone Supine refers to the body lying on its back Prone refers to the body lying on its face. • Superficial and deep/profundus A structure nearer to the surface than the other is superficial. A structure away from the surface is deep or profundus.

Terms of relationship. . . • External and internal A structure outside a cavity is called external; when it is within a cavity it is called internal. • Ipsilateral and contralateral Ipsilateral refers to the same side of the body Contralateral refers to the opposite side of the body • Some combinations e. g. Anterolateral Posteromedial Superomedial etc

Terms of movement… • Flexion Movement that decreases the angle of a joint. (mvt in a sagittal plane) Extension: Movement that increase the angle • • Abduction Movement away from the median plane Abduction of the fingers refers to spreading the fingers • Adduction Movement towards the median plane of the body • Opposition Specific movement where thumb tip touches another finger tip e. g. when holds a pen, grasp a cup handle etc • Reposition

• • • Terms of movement. . . Protraction: Movement forward as in moving the jaw forward Retraction: Movement backward as in moving the jaws backward or in drawing the shoulders backward. Elevation: Moving a part superiorly example the shoulders are elevated when raising the upper limb above. Depression: Opposite of elevation, moving a part inferiorly Circumduction: A combination of flexion, abduction, extension and

Terms of movement… • Eversion: The plantar surface of the foot is turned away from the median plane (turning outwards) • Inversion: The opposite of eversion; plantar surface is turned medially(turning inwards) • Supination: Rotation of the forearm laterally • Pronation: Rotation of the forearm medially

Elements of Osteology is the study of bones Functions of the bone • Support and protection The skeleton (bones, ligaments and tendons) supports and protects soft tissues • Muscle attachment and locomotion • Production of blood cells • Mineral reservoir

The skeleton • Axial skeleton -Skull, hyoid, vetebrae, ribs and sternum. • Appendicular skeleton -Bone of upper and lower limb + shoulder and pelvic girdle

Macroscopic features of bone • On cut surface the bone portrays(2 forms) – Compact bone-the outer cortical layer and, in flat bones termed tables – Cancellous/spongy bone-- inner trabecular layer with marrow-filled spaces. In flat bones of skull they are termed diploè • Periosteum- Membrane that covers the bone externally • Endosteum- Membrane that covers the bone internally These membranes contain osteoprogenic cells They are important in bone healing

Types of bones • Long bones- humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, phalanges • Short bones- carpals and tarsal in hands and foot, scaphoid, lunate, talus. calcaneum • Flat bone- cranial bones, scapula, sternum, ribs and innominate • Irregular bones- vertebrae, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine and inferior nasal concha • Sesamoid bone- bones embedded in a tendon e. g. patella • Pneumatic bones- irregular bones with air filled cavities/ sinuses e. g. maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal and mastoid part of the

Parts of long bones • Diaphysis- has a thick outer compact bone • Metaphysis- a thin part of diaphysis adjoning epiphysis • Epiphysis- proximal and distal rounded part

Terms used in osteology Bone surface have structures e. g. : • Elevations • Facets • Head and Condyle • Depressions • Foramen

Elevations • Linear elevations – Lines/ridges e. g nuchal line, supracondylar ridges – Crest is a prominent line/ridge • Rounded elevations -Tubercle- small rounded elevation -Protuberance- knob-like elevation -Tuberosity- big rough elevation -Trochanter- rough elevation of femur -Malleolus- harmer like elevation • Sharp elevation -Spinous process -Clinoid process

• Facet: Small, smooth, flat articular surface • Head and Condyle: Rounded articular surface normally covered by cartilage e. g head of humerus, condyles of femur • Epicondyle--prominent process just above a condyle

Depressions • Sulcus: Shallow and long depression on the bone surface. • Fossa: Deep depressions on the bone surface • Notch or Incisura: Semicircular depressions Foramen-Openings or holes Canal- A long foramen Meatus- canal that enter the bone but does not go through it