Introduction to Anatomy Physiology How does the form

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology How does the form relate to the function?

Introduction All living organisms share the following characteristics: Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Movement Metabolism Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Anatomists study: Internal and external structure Physical relationships among body parts Physiologists study: How organisms perform vital functions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Gross anatomy ◦ “Naked eye” anatomy ◦ Surface anatomy ◦ Regional anatomy ◦ Sectional anatomy Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Microscopic anatomy ◦ Cytology: study of individual cells ◦ Histology: study of tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Human physiology: Study of human body function Cell physiology Special physiology System physiology Pathological physiology Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Organization Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity: Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ System Organism Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Level (Chapters 5– 20) Organism Level Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Skeletal Digestive Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1 -1 1 of 7

Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1 -1 2 of 7

Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1 -1 3 of 7

Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Protein filaments Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1 -1 4 of 7

Organ System Level (Chapters 5– 20) Cardiovascular Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Protein filaments Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1 -1 5 of 7

Organ System Level (Chapters 5– 20) Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Skeletal Digestive Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1 -1 6 of 7

Organ System Level (Chapters 5– 20) Organism Level Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Skeletal Digestive Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1 -1 7 of 7

Overview of Organ Systems The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems: ◦ Integumentary ◦ Skeletal ◦ Muscular ◦ Nervous ◦ Endocrine ◦ Cardiovascular ◦ Lymphatic ◦ Respiratory ◦ Digestive ◦ Urinary ◦ Reproductive Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Integumentary System Figure 1 -2(a)

The Skeletal System Figure 1 -2(b)

The Muscular System Figure 1 -2(c)

The Nervous System Figure 1 -2(d)

The Endocrine System Figure 1 -2(e)

The Cardiovascular System Figure 1 -2(f)

The Lymphatic System Figure 1 -2(g)

The Respiratory System Figure 1 -2(h)

The Digestive System Figure 1 -2(i)

The Urinary System Figure 1 -2(j)

Male Reproductive System Figure 1 -2(k)

Female Reproductive System Figure 1 -2(l)

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis ◦ Maintains stable internal conditions Temperature Ionic concentrations Blood sugar levels, etc. ◦ Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation depends on: ◦ ◦ Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus Effector that affects the same stimulus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1 -3 2 of 6

RECEPTOR Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1 -3 3 of 6

RECEPTOR Normal condition disturbed Thermometer Information affects STIMULUS: Room temperature rises HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 o 30 o 40 o Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1 -3 4 of 6

RECEPTOR Normal condition disturbed Thermometer Information affects STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature 20 o 30 o 40 o EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sends commands to Figure 1 -3 5 of 6

RECEPTOR Normal condition disturbed Thermometer Information affects STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Normal condition restored RESPONSE: Room temperature drops EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings 20 o 30 o 40 o Sends commands to Figure 1 -3 6 of 6

Homeostatic Regulation Negative Feedback: ◦ Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response ◦ Response negates disturbance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

RECEPTOR STIMULUS Information affects Body’s temperature sensors Information affects RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER Body temperature falls below 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) Body temperature rises above 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Negative feedback STIMULUS Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends commands to Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sends commands to RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored EFFECTOR Blood vessels Negative and sweat glands feedback in skin Skeletal muscles Figure 1 -4 1 of 10

CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Thermoregulatory center in brain Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1 -4 2 of 10

RECEPTOR STIMULUS Body’s temperature sensors Information affects CONTROL CENTER Body temperature rises above 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Thermoregulatory center in brain Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1 -4 3 of 10

RECEPTOR STIMULUS Body’s temperature sensors Information affects CONTROL CENTER Body temperature rises above 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends commands to Figure 1 -4 4 of 10

RECEPTOR STIMULUS Body’s temperature sensors Information affects CONTROL CENTER Body temperature rises above 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Negative Blood vessels feedback and sweat glands in skin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends commands to Figure 1 -4 5 of 10

CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory center in brain Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1 -4 6 of 10

Information affects CONTROL CENTER RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory center in brain Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1 -4 7 of 10

Information affects CONTROL CENTER RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory EFFECTOR center in brain Blood vessels Sends commands and sweat glands in skin to Skeletal muscles Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1 -4 8 of 10

Information affects CONTROL CENTER RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) Control mechanism when body temperature falls RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Thermoregulatory EFFECTOR center in brain Blood vessels Sends Negative commands and sweat glands feedback in skin to Skeletal muscles Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1 -4 9 of 10

RECEPTOR STIMULUS Information affects Body’s temperature sensors Information affects RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER Body temperature falls below 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) Body temperature rises above 37. 2 o. C (99 o. F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Negative feedback STIMULUS Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends commands to Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sends commands to RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored EFFECTOR Blood vessels Negative and sweat glands feedback in skin Skeletal muscles Figure 1 -4 10 of 10

Homeostatic Regulation Positive Feedback: ◦ Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus ◦ Response rapidly completes critical process Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Figure 1 -5

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis and Disease ◦ Failure of homeostatic regulation ◦ Symptoms appear ◦ Organ system malfunction Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. They monitor and adjust internal conditions. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Surface Anatomy ◦ Anatomical Position Hands at side Palms forward Feet together ◦ Supine: Face up ◦ Prone: Face down Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1 -6(a)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1 -6(b)

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Regions ◦ Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions Four abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1 -7(a)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1 -7(b)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1 -7(c)

The Language of Anatomy A few anatomical directions: ◦ Anterior (= ventral) ◦ Posterior (= dorsal) ◦ Superior ◦ Inferior ◦ Lateral ◦ Medial ◦ Proximal ◦ Distal Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1 -8

The Language of Anatomy Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections ◦ Transverse plane Transverse section ◦ Frontal plane Frontal section ◦ Sagittal plane Sagittal section Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1 -9

The Language of Anatomy Ventral body cavity ◦ Protects delicate organs ◦ Permits organ growth and movement ◦ Surrounds: Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive organs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity: ◦ Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Pericardial cavity ◦ Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneal membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Key Note Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1 -10(a)

The Language of Anatomy Radiological Procedures ◦ X-rays ◦ CT Scans ◦ MRIs ◦ Ultrasound Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings

X-Rays Figure 1 -11(a)

X-Rays Figure 1 -11(b)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1 -12(a)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1 -12(b)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1 -12(c)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1 -12(d)