Introduction to Anatomy Physiology ANATOMY THE STUDY OF

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

ANATOMY THE STUDY OF THE FORM & STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY Where is the heart? How large is the liver? How many muscles do you have?

l gross anatomy - The study of the organs, parts, and structures of a body that are visible to the naked eye.

PHYSIOLOGY Study of how a living organism works. How does the heart know when to beat? What makes a muscle stretch? How does the liver store CHO?

PROTOPLASM l Basic substance of all LIFE ordinary elements such as C O 2 H S N P

l pathophysiology - The study of how disease occurs and response of the body to disease process.

CELLS l Protoplasm l CELLS comes together to form cells are the basic unit of structure & function of all living things. l Microscopic l Carry on all functions of life

l Require O 2 l Produce heat & energy l Move & adapt to environment l Eliminate waste products l Perform special functions

CELL PARTS l Cell membrane- outer protective covering: Allows substances to enter & leave cell l Cytoplasm: semi- fluid substance inside of cell. Contains water, fats, proteins, CHO, minerals, salts.

l l l ORGANELLS- Structures inside the cell Nucleus- The brain, main controls Nucleolus- RNA production inside the nucleus Chromatin- Inside the nucleus, makes DNA & chromosomes Mitochondria- rod shaped, powerhouse of the cell, makes energy Golgi Apparatus- Produces, stores & packages secretions for discharge form the cell. Garbage Compactor of the cell

Endoplasmic Recticulum- tubular structures that allows for transportation of materials into & out of the cell. Train of the cell smooth- makes cholesterol, detox from drugs Rough- builds proteins l Lysosomes- oval bodies that digest & destroy old cells. Pac Man of the cell l Pinocytic Vesicles- folds in cell membrane. The folds capture & hold protein & fats, then form bubbles to help then enter the cell l

Reproduction Cells need to reproduce to keep organism alive l Skin, blood forming cells, & intestinal tract cells reproduce continuously l Muscle cells reproduce every few years, but most can be enlarged by exercising l Special cells such as nerve cells in the brain & spinal cord do not reproduce after birth, & if they are damaged they cannot be repaired or replaced

MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS l Mitosis is the process of cell division of a normal cell. Has 46 chromosomes l Meiosis is the cell division of a sex cell (sperm & ovum) which halves the number of chromosomes. Each sex cell has 23 chromosomes.

Tissues Cells of the same type that are joined together for a common purpose

4 TYPES OF TISSUE l EPITHELIAL l CONNECTIVE l NERVE l MUSCLE

EPITHELIAL l COVERS THE BODY , MAIN TISSUE OF THE SKIN l FORMS LINING OF THE INTESTINAL, RESPIRATORY, CIRCULATORY & URINARY TRACT l FORMS GLANDS OF THE BODY

CONNECTIVE l SUPPORTIVE FABRIC OF THE BODY 3 TYPES l SOFT- Adipose or fat (insulates body) Tendons, ligaments l HARD- Cartilage & bone l LIQUID- Blood

NERVE l Made of specialized cells called-neurons l Carries nerve messages from brain throughout the body l Makes up nerves, brain, and spinal cord

MUSCLE l Produces power & movement of the body 3 Types l Skeletal- attaches to bone to move body l Cardiac- cause heart to beat l Visceral (Smooth)- present in the walls of blood vessels, walls of respiratory, urinary & digestive tracks

Organs l Two or more TISSUES JOINED TOGETHER TO PERFORM A Specific FUNCTION Example- Heart, lungs, stomach, brain, skin, pancreas, uterus etc

SYSTEM l Organs joined together for a common purpose l Digestive System l Respiratory System l Urinary System l Reproductive System

Organism l Systems good joined together for a common THE HUMAN ORGANISM

Summary Cell: Basic unit if structure and function of all living things Cells combine to form tissues 4 Tissue types: Epithelial. Connective (soft and hard), Nerve, Muscle (skeletal, cardiac, visceral) Tissues combine to form organs Organs combine to form organ systems (integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive) Systems work together to create the miracle of the human body