INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr Fadel Naim What is

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. Fadel Naim

What is anatomy “anatomia, anatome” Latin and Ancient Greek origin. ana-= up temnein, tome=to cut Anatomy means “cutting up, cutting through”. 2

Human Anatomy • a consideration of the various structures which make up the human organism. • In a restricted sense it deals with the parts which form the fully developed individual and which can be rendered evident to the naked eye by various methods of dissection. 3

Types of anatomy Ø Reflecting the body's organization and the priorities and purposes for studying it there three main approaches to studying anatomy are 1. Regional 2. Systemic 3. clinical (or applied) Ø In systematic anatomy, anatomy various structures may be separately considered. Ø The organs and tissues may be studied in relation to one another in topographical or or regional anatomy 4

Regional anatomy (Topographical anatomy) Ø Considers the organization of the human body as major parts or segments Ø a main body, consisting of the head, neck, and trunk (subdivided into thorax, abdomen, back, and pelvis/perineum), and paired upper limbs and lower limbs. Ø All the major parts may be further subdivided into areas and region. 5

Surface anatomy Ø An essential part of the study of regional anatomy. Ø Provides knowledge of what lies under the skin and what structures are perceptible to touch (palpable) in the living body at rest and in action. 6

Systematic Anatomy

Systematic Anatomy

Systematic Anatomy The various systems of which the human body: body q. Osteology—the bony system or skeleton. q. Syndesmology—the articulations or joints. q. Myology—the muscles. q. Angiology—the vascular system, comprising the heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands. q. Neurology—the nervous system. The organs of sense may be included in this system. q. Splanchnology—the visceral system. 10

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Microscopic Anatomy • Definition: – That which can be seen with the assisted eye • Kinds: – Cytology: • The study of cells – Histology: • The study of tissues – Organology: • The study of organs

Developmental Anatomy • Definition: – The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle • Kinds: – Embryology: • The study of prenatal development – Postnatal development: • The study of structures after birth

ANATOMICAL POSITION • The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.

• Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward • Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body • Right and left always refers to the sides belonging to the person or specimen being viewed – never to the viewer

TERMINOLOGY • Reclining Position –If the body is lying face down, it is in the prone position. –If the body is lying face up, it is in the supine position.

• Four legged animals have a different anatomical position than humans - Their ventral is on the inferior side and dorsal on the superior side - In humans ventral and anterior is the same and so is dorsal and posterior

Four-footed body directions

Regional Terms - names of specific body area Axial region (main axis): Trunk further divided - Thorax - Abdomen - Pelvis - Perineum Appendicular region – appendages/extremities - Fundamental subdivisions

Thoracic Region • Upper portion of the trunk: Mammary Sternal - thoracic/thoracis Axillary - axilla • Vertebral

Upper Extremity Regions • Acromial (acromion) • Brachial (brachium) • Cubital (cubitis) • Antebrachial (antebrachium) • Manual (manus) - palmar and dorsum The manus has 3 main regions: • Carpal (carpus) • Metacarpal • Digital or phalangeal (digits or phalanges) - Pollex

Lower Extremity Regions • Femoral/femur • Patellar /patella • Popliteal/popliteus • Crural/crus (leg) regions - sural/sura (calf), peroneal/peroneus (fibular) • Pes (feet)/ Pedal (foot) - planta/plantar, dorsum, calcaneal/calcaneus (heel) The pedal has 3 major divisions: • Tarsal (tarsus) • Metatarsal • Digital or phalangeal (digits or phalanges) - Hallux

Pelvic/Pelvis Region Lower portion of the trunk: • Inguinal (inguen) • Pubic (pubis) • Perineal (perineum) • Lumbar (lumbus) • Sacral • Gluteal (gluteus)

Figure 1. 4

Anatomical Planes • Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures • Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views

Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane – The plane dividing the body into right and left portions – Mid-sagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Anatomical Planes Frontal plane – The plane dividing the body into front and back portions – Also called the Coronal plane

Anatomical Planes Transverse plane – The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions – Also called the Horizontal plane

Terms of relation or position Superior: ( closer to the Inferior( closer to the head) feet) reference point -- horizontal plane

Terms of relation or position Posterior (dorsal) Anterior (ventral) closer to the posterior surface of the body) closer to the anterior surface of the body reference point -- frontal or coronal plane

Terms of relation or position Medial (lying closer to Lateral( lying further the midline) away from the midline) reference point -- sagittal plane

Terms of relation or position Proximal (closer to the origin of a structure) Distal (further away from the origin of a structure) reference point -- the origin of a structure

Terms of relation or position Superficial Deep reference point -- surface of body or organ

Terms of relation or position Median reference point -- along the midsagittal or median plane Intermediate between two other structures

Terms of relation or position External Internal refers to a hollow structure external being outside and internal being inside

Terms of relation or position Supine Prone face or palm up when lying on back, face or palm down when lying on anterior surface of body

Terms of relation or position Ipsilateral Contralateral Same side of body; opposite side of body Cephalad Caudad toward the head, toward the tail (feet )

Terms of relation or position Longitudinal sections Transverse sections Oblique sections lengthwise or parallel to the long axis of the body cross sections • cut at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the body or of any of its parts • long axis of the foot runs horizontally, a transverse section of the foot lies in the frontal plane not cut along one of the previously mentioned anatomical planes

Planes of Section Through an Organ • Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ • Cross/Transverse: cut at right angle to length of the organ • Oblique: cut at any but a right angle

Movements – Flexion – Extension – Hyperextension – Adduction – Abduction – Prontaion – Supination – Retraction – Protraction – Elevation – Depression – Rotation – Circumduction – External Rotation – Inversion – Eversion – Dorsiflexion – Plantarflexion – Radial Deviation – Ulnar Deviation – Opposition

Movements Flexion • Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones – In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints Extension • Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones – In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints Hyperextension • Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension

Movements Adduction • Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction • Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Movements Pronation • Turning the arm or foot downward • (palm or sole of the foot - down) • Prone Supination • Turning the arm or foot upward • (palm or sole of the foot - up) • Supine

Movements Retraction • Moving a part backward Protraction • Moving a part forward Elevation • Raising a part Depression • Lowering a part

Movements Rotation • Turning on a single axis Circumduction • Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder External rotation • Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline Internal rotation • Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline

Movements Lateral Flexion • Side-bending left or right

Movements of the Foot Inversion • Turning the sole of the foot inward Eversion • Turning the sole of the foot outward Dorsiflexion • Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin

Movements of the Wrist & Thumb Radial Deviation • Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side. Ulnar Deviation • Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side. Opposition • Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.

Thank you