Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Mosby items and

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Learning Objectives Define the terms anatomy and physiology. Review the four anatomical planes of reference. Review the anatomical terms of direction. Review the terms that describe lying down. Review the components of the dorsal body cavity. Review the components of the ventral body cavities. Describe why is Biology important and describe it’s relativity to this class. List the 11 systems of the body. List the four basic types of body tissues and where they are found. Define homeostasis. Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Review Planes are imaginary lines used descriptively to divide the body into sections. Directional terms are relative locations described through the use of pairs of contrasting body direction terms. Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Transverse Plane Dorsal Plane Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Anatomic Planes of Reference Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Plantar and Palmar The caudal surface of the front leg from the carpus to the phalanges. This includes the bottom surface of the front foot Planter The caudal surface of the hind leg from the hock to the phalanges. This includes the bottom surface of the hind foot. Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Directional Terms Direction Individual’s left Individual’s right Toward the head end of the body Toward the tip of the nose (head only) Toward the tail end of the body Toward the back Toward the belly Toward the median plane Away from the median plane Toward the center (whole body or part) Toward the surface (whole body or part) Toward the body (extremity) Away from the body (extremity) “Back” of forelimb distal to carpus “Back” of hindlimb distal to tarsus “Front” of forelimb & hindlimb distal to carpus & tarsus Domestic Animal Left Right Cranial Rostral Caudal Dorsal Ventral Medial Lateral Deep (internal) Superficial (external) Proximal Distal Palmar Plantar Human Left Right Superior Nasal Inferior Posterior Anterior Medial Lateral Deep (internal) Superficial (external) Proximal Distal Palmar Plantar Dorsal Anterior Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

General Plan of the Animal Body Bilateral symmetry: The left and right halves of an animal's body are essentially mirror images of each other. Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Recumbent Dorsal Recumbency • Ventral Recumbency • Lateral Recumbency • Prone • • Lying face down, ventral recumbency Supine • • Lying face up, dorsal recumbency Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

General Plan of the Animal Body cavities Dorsal body cavity contains the central nervous system Ø Ventral body cavity contains most of the viscera (organs) of the body Ø Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

The dorsal body cavities are lined Thoracic Cavity Ø Pleura • Thin membrane lining • Visceral layer • Parietal layer Abdominal Cavity Ø Peritoneum • Thin membrane lining • Visceral layer • Parietal layer Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Biology What is Biology? The study of life Ø Covers the smallest “life” to the largest “life” • Cellular Biology • Ecology/ biosphere Ø A cell is the smallest living thing capable of reproducing itself • Many different types of cells, different shapes, different Ø sizes, different functions • All works together to accomplish homeostasis Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Important topics in Biology Chemistry Organic • Carbon Ø Chemical Bonds Ø Chemical Reactions Ø Macro Molecules • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids Ø Water Ø Genetics Cell division Ø DNA Ø Passing on of Genes Ø Biotechnology Application of biology Ø Using chemistry and genetics to cure Ø Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Relationship and Connectivity Atoms – molecules – organelles – cell – tissues - organ systems - complex organism (animal) – species – population – community – ecosystem – biosphere Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Levels of Organization Cells: basic functional units of animal life Tissues: groups of specialized cells Organs: groups of tissues that work together for common purposes Organ Systems: groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Anatomy and Physiology Definitions Anatomy: the form and structure of the body and its parts Physiology: the functions of the body and its parts Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

11 systems Integumentary and Related Structures Ø Skeletal System Ø Heart and blood vessels Respiratory System Ø Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle Cardiovascular System Ø Bones and joints Muscular System Ø Skin, nails, hair, hooves Lungs and air passageways Digestive System Ø Gastrointestinal tube and accessory digestive organs Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Nervous System Ø Central nervous system and peripheral nerves Sensory Organs of general and special sense Ø Touch, temperature, pain, taste, smell, hearing Ø Endocrine System Ø Urinary System Ø Glands and hormones Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Reproductive System Ø Male and female reproductive structures Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Homeostasis The maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body All the physiological processes that actively maintain balance in the various structures, functions, and properties of the body Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Unit 1 Overview and Introduction to A & P Reading assignment. (Vocabulary is based upon reading assignment. ) Page 1 -2 Anatomy and Physiology Table 1 -1 Page 2 -5 Terminology Figure 1 -1 Table 1 -2 Page 6 -8 General Plan of the Animal Body and Homeostasis Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.