Introduction to Anatomy a The Greek philosopher Aristotle

Introduction to Anatomy (a)

The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, thought the heart, not the brain, was the location of intelligence and thought. The word "brain" appears on an ancient paper-like document (a "papyrus") called the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. 1700 BC

Overview of Anatomy n n Anatomical terminology from ancient Greek and Latin Branches of anatomy ¨ Gross anatomy ¨ Microscopic anatomy n Cytology n Histology ¨ Developmental anatomy n Embryology ¨ Comparative anatomy n Scale uses metric system

Structural organization from simplest to most complex n n n Chemical Cellular Tissue – group of cells similar in structure and function Organ – 2 or more tissue types performing specific function Organ system – group of organs acting together to perform specific function Human organism

Levels of Organization:

Anatomy at Different Scales (Metric Scale)

Organ systems n n n Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic/immune Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

n Branches of anatomy ¨Gross anatomy ¨Microscopic anatomy n Cytology n Histology ¨Developmental anatomy n Embryology ¨Comparative anatomy

n Gross Anatomy The anatomical position (see right) ¨ Directional and regional terms ¨ n n n n Medial v. lateral Proximal v. distal Cephalad v. caudad Interior v. superior Superficial v. deep Ipsilateral v. contralateral Flexion v. extension Ulnar deviation v. radial deviation Dorsiflexion v. plantar flexion Eversion v. inversion Medial rotation v. lateral rotation Abduction v. adduction Supination v. pronation Protraction v. retraction Elevation v. depression Rotation

Body planes and sections - cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane (also called coronal) (also called XS – cross section)

Body Planes, Sections and Lines Sagittal- any longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts n Mid-sagittal or median plane- divides the body into equal right and left halves n Coronal- longitudinal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior parts n Mid-coronal- divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts n

n Horizontal or axial plane- transverse plane passing through the body at right angles to the longitudinal plane; divides into superior and inferior portions

Sectional Anatomy 3 sectional planes: n transverse ( or cross) section n frontal (or coronal) section n sagittal section (mid- and para-)

n Body cavities and membranes ¨ Dorsal cavity divided into cranial ¨ Ventral cavity containing viscera divided into two main cavities n Thoracic cavity ¨ ¨ n and vertebral (visceral organs) 2 lateral pleural cavities Central mediastinum containing pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity ¨ ¨ Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity ¨ Serous cavities are slit-like spaces lined by serous membranes (serosa): n n Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ ¨ Other smaller cavities: in head, between joints

Body Cavities

Serosa

Naming of serous membranes (serosa) : 1. ) parietal or visceral Parietal serosa forms the outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organ 2. ) pericardial, pleural, or peritoneal* Pericardial: heart Pleural: lungs Peritoneal: abdominal *The 2 nd adjective can become a noun: pericardium, pleura, peritoneum

In the clinic: Abdomino-pelvic Regions