Introduction This chapter takes up two questions 1

Introduction �This chapter takes up two questions � 1. What is (purportedly) special about selfknowledge? � 2. What kinds of selfknowledge are thought to be special in this way? Flickr，作者：conorwithonen。 2

Self-knowledge as special, relative to other sorts of knowledge �相較於其他種類的知識，自我知識在三個方面 有特殊性。 �(1) 知態上的確定性。(especially secure) �(2) 自我知識獲知的方法。(achieved through a unique epistemic method. ) �(3) 非知態上的特殊性(rationalism: what is most profoundly special about self-knowledge is not epistemic) 3

Self-knowledge as special, relative to other sorts of knowledge � (1) does not imply (2): 確定性不蘊含方法上的唯一性 Self-knowledge may be especially secure, epistemically, even if one achieves self-knowledge using the same method one uses to acquire other kinds of knowledge. (p. 60) � (2) does not imply (1): 方法上的唯一性不蘊含確定性 The fact that I can use a special method to determine my own mental states does not imply that this method yields particularly secure self-knowledge. (p. 60) � 根據(3), self-knowledge is special in a non-epistemic way. Rationalism: 自我知識的特殊性在於根據理性、理由來修改 信念、欲望和其他的命題態度。 以上著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge，頁60，依據著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 4

Self-knowledge as especially secure, epistemically � “Privileged access”: access that is either especially secure, epistemically, or proceeds by use of an exclusively first-personal epistemic method (or both). � Infallible about one’s own states iff one cannot have a false belief to the effect that one is in a certain mental state. (如果相信在痛(處於某個心智 狀態)，就一定不會錯，一定痛。) 反例：Kate相信自己喜歡住鄉下。 � Omniscient about one’s own states iff being in a mental state suffices for knowing that one is in that state. (當事者處在什麼心智狀態就蘊含當事 者知道自己正處於那個狀態) 反例：不喜歡洗碗，不知道自己在生氣。 5

Self-knowledge as especially secure, epistemically A more moderate thesis: one will avoid false beliefs about one’s own states with suitable care and attention. � Chisholm: some mental properties, like feeling a tickle, are self-presenting. (感覺正在癢 就會呈現給你。) � 縮小自我知識的範圍，且專注 於心智狀態。(Ex: acquaintance theorists -- current sensations and thoughts) � Flickr，作者：Juliana Coutinho。 6

Self-knowledge as achieved through a unique epistemic method � The acquaintance theory 1. epistemic access to our states that is direct (our access to facts or objects external to us is indirect) 2. special method as introspective—as a kind of inward reflection 3. posits two kinds of directness (i)Metaphysical directness: when I introspect a pain, there is no state or object that stands between my introspective awareness of the pain and the pain itself. ( 對內心的狀態，不是大腦狀態，做反省)。 7

Self-knowledge as achieved through a unique epistemic method (ii)Epistemic directness : I can introspectively grasp the presence of pain without engaging in inference or substantially relying on other knowledge. 4. The metaphysical directness is what makes the epistemic directness possible. 5. 形上學和知態上的直接不蘊含infallible和omniscient 。 � The inner sense theory is compatible with weaker versions of (1) and (2). ((1) 知態上的確定性。 (2) 自我知識獲知的方 法。) 8

版權聲明 頁碼 作品 授權條件 作者/來源 1 -9 本作品轉載自Microsoft Office 2007多媒體藝廊，依據Microsoft服務合約及著 作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 2 Flickr，作者：conorwithonen。 本作品轉載自 http: //www. flickr. com/photos/cmogle/3631691071/sizes/m/in/photostream/，瀏覽日 期 2012/4/22。本作品採取創用CC姓名標示 2. 0 通用版授權釋出。 4 4 6 Self-knowledge may be…, kinds of knowledge. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge， 頁60，依據著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 The fact that , …, secure selfknowledge. 本著作轉載自Brie Gertler (2011). Self-knowledge. London ; New York : Routledge， 60頁，依據著作權法第 46、52、65條合理使用。 Flickr，作者：Juliana Coutinho。 本作品轉載自 http: //www. flickr. com/photos/ngmmemuda/3870988403/sizes/m/in/photostream/，瀏 覽日期 2012/4/22。本作品採取創用CC姓名標示 2. 0 通用版授權釋出。 9