Introduction Section 1 The Land Section 2 Climate

Introduction Section 1: The Land Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Visual Summary

Millions of years ago, tectonic activity formed the landmasses of Southeast Asia. Straddling the Equator, the peninsulas and islands of the region stretch from the Asian mainland almost to Australia. A study of the physical geography of Southeast Asia will explain its beginnings, its natural barriers of mountains and water, its tempestuous volcanoes, and its abundant natural resources.

Section 1: The Land Physical processes shape Earth’s surface. Southeast Asia’s landmasses were formed millions of years ago by tectonic plate collisions and related volcanic eruptions.

Section 2: Climate and Vegetation The characteristics and distribution of ecosystems help people understand environmental issues. The climates of Southeast Asia support diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, some of which have already disappeared or are endangered because of logging and urbanization.

The Land Southeast Asia’s landmasses were formed millions of years ago by tectonic plate collisions and related volcanic eruptions.

The Land • cordillera • flora • archipelago • fauna • insular • predominantly • resource

The Land A. Indochina Peninsula B. Malay Peninsula C. Annam Cordillera D. Ring of Fire E. Irrawaddy River F. Chao Phraya River G. Red River H. Mekong River

The Land Why is the Mekong River so important in this region? A. Source of life B. Dependable travel C. Both A and B apply A. A B. B C. C

Landforms Tectonic plate movement and volcanic activity created the landforms of Southeast Asia millions of years ago. • Peninsulas and islands: – Indochina Peninsula – Malay Peninsula

Landforms (cont. ) • About half of Southeast Asia’s 11 countries are on the mainland; the rest are island countries. • Island countries: – Brunei – East Timor – Indonesia – Singapore – Philippines

Landforms (cont. ) • Mountains dominate Southeast Asia, creating geographic and political boundaries: – Arakan Yoma range – Bilauktaung Range – Annam Cordillera

Landforms (cont. ) • Volcanoes: – Many of the mountains form part of the Ring of Fire. – 327 volcanoes stretch across Indonesia. Tectonic Activity in Southeast Asia

Which volcano’s eruption was one of the twentieth century’s most powerful? A. Krakatau B. Mount Pinatubo C. Gunung Merapi D. Gunung Semeru A. B. C. D. A B C D

Water Systems The rivers of Southeast Asia provide essential transportation routes of sediment deposits for rich, fertile soils. • Major rivers: – Irrawaddy – Chao Phraya – Red – Mekong

The people in this region depend on rivers for which of the following? A. Transportation B. Communication C. Food D. Farming E. All of the above A. B. C. D. E. A B C D E

Natural Resources Southeast Asia’s natural resources are as diverse as its physical features. • Fossil fuels: – Petroleum – Oil – Natural gas – Coal

Natural Resources (cont. ) • Minerals and gems: – Nickel – Iron – Copper – Tin – Sapphires and rubies – Pearls

Natural Resources (cont. ) • Flora and fauna: – Rafflesia arnoldii – Orchids – Rubber trees – Teak – Elephants, tigers, rhinoceroses, orangutans – Bearded pig, lacewing butterfly, Komodo dragon

Which country is a member of OPEC? A. Vietnam B. Indonesia C. Borneo D. The Philippines A. B. C. D. A B C D

Climate and Vegetation The climates of Southeast Asia support diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, some of which have already disappeared or are endangered because of logging and urbanization.

Climate and Vegetation • endemic • compound • alternate

Climate and Vegetation A. Shan Plateau B. New Guinea

Climate and Vegetation Which type of climate dominates this region? A. Tropical wet B. Tropical dry C. Humid subtropical D. Highland A. B. C. D. A B C D

Tropical Regions The tropical climates of Southeast Asia are extensive and support diverse ecosystems. • A tropical wet climate dominates island South Asia, while most parts of the mainland some of the islands have a tropical dry or humid subtropical climate. Southeast Asia: Climate Regions

Which city has transformed from a place of rain forests and mangrove trees to an urban area? A. Bangkok B. Singapore C. Hanoi D. Jakarta A. B. C. D. A B C D

Midlatitude Regions In midlatitude regions of Southeast Asia, humid subtropical and highland climates support a variety of vegetation. • Humid subtropical – The Shan Plateau has lower temperatures than the rest of the country. Southeast Asia: Vegetation

Midlatitude Regions (cont. ) • Highland—Myanmar, New Guinea, and Borneo

Which area in the midlatitude region is referred to as “tropical Scotland”? A. Vietnam B. The Shan Plateau C. The mountains of Borneo D. Laos A. B. C. D. A B C D

A. Minerals and Gems • Indonesia and Malaysia are leading producers of tin. • Malaysia and Vietnam are rich in oil. • Sapphires and rubies are found in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. • Pearls are harvested in the Philippines.

B. Mekong River • Begins in China and forms the border between Thailand Laos • Sediment deposits build up delta.

C. Fossil Fuels • Plentiful supply of coal, oil, and natural gas • Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia export large amounts of oil. • Coal comes from Vietnam and the Philippines.

D. Malay Peninsula • Includes parts of Thailand Malaysia • Surrounded by Gulf of Thailand Strait of Malacca • Tropical wet climate

E. Indochina Peninsula • Includes all of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar, and part of Thailand • Surrounded by South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, and Andaman Sea • Major rivers of the region are located here. • Humid subtropical climate in the north, tropical wet and tropical dry in the south

F. Mountains and Volcanoes • Dominate the region’s landscape and create geographic and political boundaries • Parallel ranges on the mainland • Mountains on islands form part of Ring of Fire; some are volcanoes. • Fertile, volcanic soil makes islands productive agricultural areas.

G. Island Southeast Asia • Includes Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Singapore, and the Philippines • Series of archipelagoes that extend from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean • Many of the islands have not been named and are not inhabited. • Mostly tropical wet climate

cordillera parallel chains or ranges of mountains

archipelago a group or chain of islands

insular constituting an island, as in Java

flora the plant life of a region

fauna the animal life of a region

endemic native plant or animal species

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