Introduction Orientation to the Human Body Anatomy Field
Introduction & Orientation to the Human Body
Anatomy § Field of study that describes the structure, location, and relationships of body parts.
Branches of Anatomy § Gross Anatomy- Study of body structures that are visible without a microscope. § Regional Anatomy- Focuses on specific area of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk. § Microanatomy- Examines structures on a microscopic level. § Histology- Microanatomy that studies tissues.
Physiology § The study of the mechanisms that enable the body to function. § Study of functions of the human body.
Levels of Organization § Chemical Level- Simplest (O, H, C, K). § Cellular Level- Combination of molecules (cell) basic unit of structure and function. § Tissue Level- Combination of cells that perform a function. (Four types exist in the human body) § Organ Level- Two or more types of tissues combined to perform a general function(heart , liver) § System Level- Two or more organs and associated structures that perform a more general function. § Complete Organism- Composed of many systems dependant on each other to perform their function.
Body Regions § 1. Cephalic or Head § 2. Cervical or Neck
Body Regions § Trunk § 1. Thorax § 2. Abdomen § 3. Pelvis
Directional Terminology § Superior: Towards the head end or upper portion of the body. § Inferior: Towards the bottom portion of the body. § Ventral: The front of the body. § Dorsal: The back of the body. § Medial: Toward the middle or center of the body § Lateral: Away from the center of the body.
Directions Cont…. § Cephalad: The head. § Caudal: The tail (lower spine coccyx vertebrae). § Proximal: Toward the base(trunk) of the body. § Distal: Away from the base (trunk) of the body. § Superficial: The surface of the body. § Deep: The inside of the body.
Body Cavities § Dorsal Cavity- Is located on the posterior or back side and contains the cranial and vertebral cavities. § Cranial cavity the space that contains the brain and vertebral (spinal) cavity (spinal cord).
Body Cavities § Ventral- Anterior or front side, contains the thoracic and abdominalpelvic cavity. § Thoracic- Divided into 3 smaller cavities. § Pleural- two cavities which enclose the lungs. § Pericardial- small space between the two membranes around the heart. § Mediastinum- contains, trachea, esophagus, vessels.
Body Cavities § Abdominal-pelvic: Contains the peritoneal cavity which is divided into two separate cavities, the Abdominal and Pelvic. § Abdominal- contains the stomach, small intestines, liver, and most of the large intestines. § Pelvic- contains the urinary bladder, the rest of the large intestines, internal reproductive organs. § Diaphragm- Flat muscular sheet that separates the thoracic and abdominalpelvic cavities.
Body Cavities
Body Planes § Sagittal: Extends parallel to the long axis of the body and divides the body into right and left portions. § Frontal/Coronal: Extends parallel to axis but divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) planes. § Transverse/Horizontal: Extends perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes.
Abdomino-pelvic Quadrants § § Right Upper Right Lower Left Upper Left Lower
Regions
Anatomical Landmarks (QUIZ) § § § § § Frontal Orbital Buccal Cervical Abdominal Pelvic Inguinal Femoral Pedal Olecranal § § § § § Patellar Digital Antebrachial Brachial Axillary Acromial Popliteal Sural Calcaneal Plantar
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