INTRODUCTION OF GENERAL ARTHROLOGY By Dr RAKESH KUMAR

INTRODUCTION OF GENERAL ARTHROLOGY By: Dr. RAKESH KUMAR DIWAN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY KGMU UP LUCKNOW

• DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JOINTS , AND ARTICULATIONS. • SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS: A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT CAVITY. A) FIBROUS JOINTS B) CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS C) SYNOVIAL JOINTS FIBROUS JOINTS-BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE -no joint cavity a) Sutures b) Syndesmoses c) Gomphoses

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS- THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE - THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY a) Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the bones) b) Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones)

SYNOVIAL JOINTS-MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY -THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY. ( SYNOVIAL CAVITY, SYNOVIAL FLUID) -ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE OPPOSING BONES) -ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY. 2 LAYERED) -REINFORCING LIGAMENTS -BURSAE -MOVEMENT VS STABILITY

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE BASIS FUNCTION • SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures) • AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs) • DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL) • SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON • DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS • 1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLANE AND ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS • 2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS • 3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A LIGAMENT. MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS • 4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS • 5. SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT. • 6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL JOINT

Synarthrotic Joints • No joint capsule and no movement between adjacent bones – Suture • Dense Fibrous CT – Gomphosis • Fibrous Peridontal Ligaments – Synchondrosis – Hyaline Cartilage • Epiphyseal Line (plate) – Synostosis – Bony Joints (Fused)

Types of Sutures

synchodroses

SYMPYHSIS

Synovial Joint pg 215

SYNOVIAL JOINT

BALL AND SOCKET

Knee Joint • Much more complex than elbow • Much less stable than other hinge joints • Some gliding and rotation • structurally 3 separate joints • No single joint capsule

Joint Shapes • Saddle: articular surface both concave + convex – side-to-side, back-forth movement – (eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb – • Ball + Socket: spherical head + round socket – multiaxial movement – (eg) shoulder, femur

Bursae & Tendon Sheaths • Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining • Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons • 3 Factors in Joint Stability: pg 219 – Muscle Tone – Ligaments – Fit of Articular Surface

Joint Shapes • Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other – angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle, interphalangal • Plane: articular surface in flat plane – Short gliding movement – (eg) intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae

Joint Shapes • Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity – side-to-side, back+forth movement – (eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) • Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament – rotation on long axis

Representative Articulations Temporomandibular Joint Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation Articular disc

Special Movements

BIAXIAL JOINT(CONDYLOID/ SADDLE JOINT)

ELBOW JOINT

MUTIAXIAL JOINTS

MUTIAXIAL JOINTS(HIP JOINT) BALL AND SOCKET

MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS(FLEXION/EXTENSION)

FLEXION/EXTENSION VETEBRAL COLUMN

FLEXION EXTESION LIMBS

ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION/ CIRCUMDUCTION

INVERSION/EVERSION

Tendon Sheaths and Bursae • Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between nearby structures allowing them to slide more easily past each other • Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon

BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS

QUESTIONS Q-1) Rotatory movements of joints take place on: a)Transverse axis b)Vertical axis c)Anteroposterior axis d)All of the above

QUESTIONS Q-2) Most important factor for stability of joint is: a)Fibrous Capsule b)Ligaments c)Atmospheric Pressure d)Surrounding muscle

QUESTIONS Q-3) All of the following are examples of saddle joint except: a)Sterno-clavicular joint b)Wrist joint c)Calcaneo-cuboid joint d)Incudo-malleolar joint

QUESTIONS Q-4) All of the following are characteristic features of a synovial (diarthrodial) joint except: a)Articular surface are covered by a articular cartilage b)Have joint cavity filled with synovial fluid for lubrication c)Mostly are freely movable joints d)Articular cartilage are covered by synovial membrane

QUESTIONS Q-5) Articular cartilage of all of the following joints are made up of thin plate of fibrocartilage except: 1 -Temporomandibular joint 2 -1 st Carpometacarpal joints 3 -Sternoclavicular joint 4 -Acramio- clavicular joint

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