Introduction Medical Psychology About Medical Psychology Research Methods
第一章 绪论 Introduction Medical Psychology
• 医学心理学概述 About Medical Psychology • 医学心理学的研究方法 Research Methods
Key Words • Medical psychology is a branch of applied psychology devoted to psychological problems arising in the practice of medicine, including psychological aspects of pain, terminal illness, bereavement, disability, and reactions to medical advice.
About Medical Pchology • Medical Psychology 的分支和相关学科 • Clinical Psychology (临床心理学) • Neuropsychology (神经心理学) • Physiological Psychology & Psychological Physiology (生理心理学与心理生理学 ) • Abnormal Psychology (变态心理学) • Health Psychology (健康心理学) • Psychosomatic Medicine (心身医学) • Behavioral Medicine (行为医学)
About Medical Pchology • Medical Model(医学模式)与 Medical Model的转变 Medical Model是从总体上认识健康和疾病 及其相互转化的哲学观点 • • Biological Medical Model(生物医学模式) Bio-psycho-social Medical Model (生物-心理-社会医学模式) Holistic Medical Model(整体医学模式)
Key Words • Medical model means the concepts, assumptions and rules that doctors and researchers in their pursuit of knowledge and the solution of problems, the brief definition is the opinion of health and disease. • Bio- Psych-Social medical model Biological factors, psychological factors and social factors can all effect health and disease, and also effect the treatment.
Key Words • The holistic medical model Health consists of physical health, psychological health and having a good social function. Holistic medical model thinks that the behavior is more important factor effecting health and disease.
Research Methods • Cross-section studie&Longitudinal study (横断研究与纵向研究) • Prospective study & Retrospective study (前瞻性研究与回顾性研究)
Research Methods • Observation method(观察法) • Case study(个案法) • Correlational research(相关研究) • Test method(测验法) • Survey method(调查法) • Experimental method(实验法)
Key Words • Observational method A research methodology most often used in certain areas of social psychology, developmental psychology, and ethology in which the investigator records behavior as far as possible without influencing it. An observational field study is conducted in a naturally occurring situation, and an observational laboratory study is carried out in an artificial laboratory environment.
Key Words • Survey research Research methods for investigating the distribution of attitudes, opinions, mental disorders, and other characteristics of individuals in specific sections of a population, or in a whole population, often broken down into demographic groups defined by geographical location, ethnic identity, age, sex, social class, marital status, education, and similar criteria. Surveys designed to compare different cultures or subcultures are called cross-cultural survey.
Key Words • Case study A research method involving a detailed investigation of a single individual or a single organized group, used extensively in clinical psychology and also, though less often, in other branches of the discipline. In case studies of organized groups, participant observation is often used.
Key Words • Correlation study A non- experimental type of research design, without manipulation of an independent variables, in which patterns of correlations between two or more variables are analyzed. • Experimental design The general plan of an experiment, including the method of assigning research participants or subjects to treatment conditions, controlling extraneous variables, manipulating the independent variable, and measuring the dependent variable.
Summary • Medical psychology revolves around the idea that both the body and mind are one, indivisible structure. Continuing with this line of thought, all diseases whether of the mind or of the physical body must be treated as if they have both been affected. The intent of Medical Psychology is to apply knowledge from all branches of psychology and medicine in the prevention, assessment, and treatment of all forms of physical diseases. Medical psychology asserts its main function in the determination of personality styles of coping and the examination of attitudes of an individual in response to subjective and objective stressors. Medical psychologists also help in the determination of genetic, biochemical, and physiologic factors in illnesses and reaction to illnesses. These are joined with psychosocial factors deemed contributory to diseases processes. Specific behavioral methods are then used to help the person match coping and management skills to the person’s ability, character, and personality style.
Summary • The biopsychosocial model was developed by Dr. George Engel who was a Professor of Psychiatry and Medicine. The biopsychosocial model takes into account the psychological, interpersonal and societal influences in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. The components of the biopsychosocial model add to the purely biomedical model of clinical care which focuses on pathology and the mechanisms of disease and therapeutics. A medical man had to pay attention to the biopsychosocial aspects in conjunction with the biomedical principles in delivering clinical care, providing education, community service and conducting research.
Summary • Study methods of medical psychology are varying, just as the various disciplines within psychology vary. Among the various methods are: experimental method, survey method and case study, act. The experimental method involves beginning with a theory and then testing that theory. Experiments must be carefully planned and repeated so that coincidence and random phenomena will not be misinterpreted as proof of the hypothesis.
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