Introduction Lab I Lab Equipment Organization Shlomo Hershkop

Introduction & Lab I Lab Equipment & Organization Shlomo Hershkop Columbia University Fall 2006

Announcements p Introducing the TA n n p p Lab Setup Online Poll n p Archana Rao maybe one more (depending on enrollment numbers) please take the office hours poll so we can accommodate everyone’s preferences Lab times n n n we need to confirm all lab groups (3/4 members) might switch around some people for spreading out experience need to confirm specific lab times

Internet Lab Equipment p 4 Cisco 2600 Routers p 4 Linux PCs p 4 Ethernet hubs p Dual monitor, keyboard, mouse p 1 KVM switch (Intel Celeron 400 MHz, 256 MB Ram, 40 GB disk, cdrom, floppy) 2 x 5 -port Hub 3 Com Office. Connect Dual Speed (10/100) 2 x 8 -port Hub NETGEAR DS 108 n p can accommodate two users at once Cables n pretty colors

Internet Lab Equipment

Linux PCs p PCs are labeled as: Rack. PC 1, Rack. PC 2, etc. p PCs run Linux (Redhat) p Each PC has: n n n a floppy drive, a cdrom drive, 2 usb ports a serial port, 5 x 10/100 Mbps Ethernet interface cards (NICs) named eth 0 – eth 4.

Linux PC

Cisco Routers p p p Routers are labeled: Router 1, Router 2, Router 3, Router 4. Routers run Cisco IOS 12. 0 or a later version Each router has: n a console port n an auxiliary port n two 10/100 Mbps Fast Ethernet interfaces

Ethernet Hubs p Each hub has 4 or more RJ-45 ports p Ports can operate at 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps

Lab Sequence

Core Labs p Lab 1 – Introduction to the Internet Lab Overview of the Internet Lab equipment; introduction to ethereal and tcpdump. p Lab 2 – Single Segment IP Networks Configuring a network interface for IP networking; address resolution with ARP; security problems of common Internet applications.

Core Labs (cont. ) p Lab 3 – Static routing IP forwarding and routing between IP networks; setup a Linux PC and a Cisco router as an IP router; manual configuration of routing tables. p Lab 4 – Dynamic Routing Protocols Routing protocols RIP, OSPF and BGP. p Lab 5 – Transport Protocols: UDP and TCP Data transmissions with TCP and UDP; TCP connection management; TCP flow control; retransmissions in TCP; TCP congestion control.

Advanced Labs v Lab 6 - LAN switching in Ethernet networks; forwarding of Ethernet frames between LAN switches/bridges; spanning tree protocol for loop free routing between interconnected LANs. v Lab 7 - NAT and DHCP Setup of a private network; dynamic assignment of IP addresses with DHCP. v Lab 8 – Domain Name System Domain name resolution with DNS; name server hierarchy; setup of a DNS root server. v Lab Extra Credit Maybe something to do with wireless

Structure of the Labs p Each lab has three phases: n Pre-laboratory Assignment (Prelab) n Lab Session n Lab Reports

Structure of the Labs (cont. ) p Pre-laboratory Assignment (Pre-lab) n n Exercises to be completed in advance of the associated lab session. The pre-labs ask you to acquire background knowledge that is needed during the lab exercises. Each pre-lab has a question sheet that must be completed before the corresponding lab session. The answers to the prelab questions are graded.

Structure of the Labs (cont. ) p Lab Session. n p Lab exercises that are performed on the equipment of the Internet lab. All lab exercises can be completed without supervision. The time to complete a lab session should be three hours on the average, but may vary. Complete the laboratory activities to the extent that you can. The activities during the lab session are not graded, however, data collected during the lab session are needed to complete a lab report. Floppy disk symbol in the lab manual indicates when you have to collect data. Floppy disk symbol

Structure of the Labs (cont. ) p Lab Reports. n After each lab session, you prepare a lab report that summarizes and analyzes the findings from the lab session. A notepad symbol indicates an assignment for the lab report. The lab reports should be submitted as a typewritten document. p The lab report is generally due 1 week after the lab session. The lab report is graded. p Note: n Lab reports should not include irrelevant data Notepad symbol

In the Lab: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I am trying to get USB keys, in the meantime, either have one of the group members dig one up (no questions asked, or use provided floppies (please don’t offload them on ebay) Reboot Linux PCs Complete exercises as described in the lab manual Take measurements as instructed Save data to floppy disk

Additional notes p The equipment of the Internet Lab is not connected to the Internet. n you can bring in a laptop (best) and connect wired or wirelessly p Each lab has an anonymous feedback sheet. The feedback is used to improve the setup and organization of the labs. p Since you have administrative (root) privileges on the Internet Lab equipment, exercise caution when modifying the configuration of the Internet Lab equipment.

TCP/IP Networking An Example Introductory material. This module illustrates the interactions of the protocols of the TCP/IP protocol suite with the help of an example. The example intents to motivate the study of the TCP/IP protocols.

A simple TCP/IP Example p A user on host argon. netlab. edu (“Argon”) makes web access to URL http: //neon. netlab. edu/index. html. p What actually happens in the network?

HTTP Request and HTTP response Web server runs an HTTP server program p HTTP client Web browser runs an HTTP client program p sends an HTTP request to HTTP server p HTTP server responds with HTTP response p

HTTP Request GET /example. html HTTP/1. 1 Accept: image/gif, */* Accept-Language: en-us Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate User-Agent: Mozilla/4. 0 Host: 192. 168. 123. 144 Connection: Keep-Alive

HTTP Response HTTP/1. 1 200 OK Date: Sat, 25 May 2002 21: 10: 32 GMT Server: Apache/1. 3. 19 (Unix) Last-Modified: Sat, 25 May 2002 20: 51: 33 GMT ETag: "56497 -51 -3 ceff 955" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 81 Keep-Alive: timeout=15, max=100 Connection: Keep-Alive Content-Type: text/html <HTML> <BODY> <H 1>Internet Lab</H 1> Click <a href="http: //www. netlab. net/index. html ">here</a> for the Internet Lab webpage. </BODY> </HTML> • How does the HTTP request get from Argon to Neon ?

From HTTP to TCP p To send request, HTTP client program establishes an TCP connection to the HTTP server Neon. p The HTTP server at Neon has a TCP server running

Resolving hostnames and port numbers p Since TCP does not work with hostnames and also would not know how to find the HTTP server program at Neon, two things must happen: 1. The name “neon. netlab. edu” must be translated into a 32 -bit IP address. 2. The HTTP server at Neon must be identified by a 16 -bit port number.

Translating a hostname into an IP address p The translation of the hostname neon. netlab. edu into an IP address is done via a database lookup p The distributed database used is called the Domain Name System (DNS) p All machines on the Internet have an IP address: argon. netlab. edu 128. 143. 137. 144 neon. netlab. edu 128. 143. 71. 21

Finding the port number p Note: Most services on the Internet are reachable via well-known ports. n E. g. HTTP servers on the Internet can be reached at port number “ 80”. p So: Argon simply knows the port number of the HTTP server at a remote machine. p On most Unix systems, the well-known ports are listed in a file with name /etc/services. The well-known port numbers of some of the most popular services are: ftp 21 finger 79 telnet 23 http 80 smtp 25 nntp 119

Requesting a TCP Connection p The HTTP client at argon. netlab. edu requests the TCP client to establish a connection to port 80 of the machine with address 128. 141. 71. 21

Invoking the IP Protocol p p p The TCP client at Argon sends a request to establish a connection to port 80 at Neon This is done by asking its local IP module to send an IP datagram to 128. 143. 71. 21 (The data portion of the IP datagram contains the request to open a connection)

Sending the IP datagram to an IP router p Argon (128. 143. 137. 144) can deliver the IP datagram directly to Neon (128. 143. 71. 21), only if it is on the same local network (“subnet”) p But Argon and Neon are not on the same local network (Q: How does Argon know this? ) p So, Argon sends the IP datagram to its default gateway p The default gateway is an IP router p The default gateway for Argon is Router 137. netlab. edu (128. 143. 137. 1).

The route from Argon to Neon p Note that the gateway has a different name for each of its interfaces.

Finding the MAC address of the gateway p To send an IP datagram to Router 137, Argon puts the IP datagram in an Ethernet frame, and transmits the frame. p However, Ethernet uses different addresses, so-called Media Access Control (MAC) addresses (also called: physical address, hardware address). p Therefore, Argon must first translate the IP address 128. 143. 137. 1 into a MAC address. p The translation of addressed is performed via the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Address resolution with ARP

Invoking the device driver p The IP module at Argon, tells its Ethernet device driver to send an Ethernet frame to address 00: e 0: f 9: 23: a 8: 20

Sending an Ethernet frame p The Ethernet device driver of Argon sends the Ethernet frame to the Ethernet network interface card (NIC) p The NIC sends the frame onto the wire

Forwarding the IP datagram p p The IP router receives the Ethernet frame at interface 128. 143. 137. 1, recovers the IP datagram and determines that the IP datagram should be forwarded to the interface with name 128. 143. 71. 1 The IP router determines that it can deliver the IP datagram directly

Another lookup of a MAC address p The router needs to find the MAC address of Neon. p Again, ARP is invoked, to translate the IP address of Neon (128. 143. 71. 21) into the MAC address of neon (00: 20: af: 03: 98: 28).

Invoking the Device Driver at the Router p The IP protocol at Router 71, tells its Ethernet device driver to send an Ethernet frame to address 00: 20: af: 03: 98: 28

Sending another Ethernet frame p The Ethernet device driver of Router 71 sends the Ethernet frame to the Ethernet NIC, which transmits the frame onto the wire.

Data has arrived at Neon p Neon receives the Ethernet frame p The payload of the Ethernet frame is an IP datagram which is passed to the IP protocol. p The payload of the IP datagram is a TCP segment, which is passed to the TCP server

Wrapping up the example p Data traverses a sequence of layers p Each layer has protocols to handle the packets p Next Lecture (Lab 2) n n Layered architecture of the Internet Protocols at each layer

Review of Important Networking Concepts Introductory material using Prof. Liebeherr on-line notes Review of important networking concepts: protocol architecture, protocol layers, encapsulation, demultiplexing, network abstractions.

Networking Concepts p Layered Architecture to reduce complexity n n Encapsulation Abstractions

Sending a packet from Argon to Neon

Sending a packet from Argon to Neon 128. 143. 71. 21 is not on my local network. Therefore, I need to send the packet to my 128. 143. 71. 21 on my local network. default gateway withisaddress 128. 143. 137. 1 DNS: The is IPisthe address of Therefore, I can send the packet directly. ARP: What the. IPMAC of“neon. netlab. edu ””is? of address 128. 143. 137. 1? ARP: Theof. MAC address 128. 143. 71. 21 128. 143. 137. 1 is 00: e 0: f 9: 23: a 8: 20 ARP: What is the MAC ARP: Theof. MAC address of address 128. 143. 71. 21? 128. 143. 137. 1 is 00: 20: af: 03: 98: 28 frame

What’s a protocol? human protocols: p “what’s the time? ” p “I have a question” p introductions … specific msgs sent … specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: p machines rather than humans p all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt

What’s a protocol? a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi TCP connection req Hi TCP connection response Got the time? Get http: //www. awl. com/kurose-ross 2: 00 <file> time Q: Other human protocols?

Communications Architecture p The complexity of the communication task is reduced by using multiple protocol layers: Each protocol is implemented independently p Each protocol is responsible for a specific subtask p Protocols are grouped in a hierarchy p p A structured set of protocols is called a communications architecture or protocol suite

TCP/IP Protocol Suite p The TCP/IP protocol suite is the protocol architecture of the Internet p The TCP/IP suite has four layers: Application, Transport, Network, and Data Link Layer p End systems (hosts) implement all four layers.

Functions of the Layers p Data Link Layer: n n p Network Layer: n n p Service: Move packets from source host to destination host Functions: Routing, addressing Transport Layer: n n p Service: Reliable transfer of frames over a link Media Access Control on a LAN Functions: Framing, media access control, error checking Service: Delivery of data between hosts Functions: Connection establishment/termination, error control, flow control Application Layer: n n Service: Application specific (delivery of email, retrieval of HTML documents, reliable transfer of file) Functions: Application specific

TCP/IP Suite and OSI Reference Model The TCP/IP protocol stack does not define the lower layers of a complete protocol stack

Assignment of Protocols to Layers

Layered Communications p An entity of a particular layer can only communicate with: 1. a peer layer entity using a common protocol (Peer Protocol) 2. adjacent layers to provide services and to receive services

Service Primitives Communication services are invoked via function calls. The functions are called service primitives N+1 Layer Entity Request Delivery N Layer Entity N+1 Layer Peer Protocol N+1 Layer Entity Indicate Delivery N Layer Entity

Service Primitives Recall: A layer N+1 entity sees the lower layers only as a service provider N+1 Layer Entity N+1 Layer Peer Protocol N+1 Layer Entity Indicate Delivery Request Delivery Service Provider

Layers in the Example

Layers in the Example Send HTTP Request to neon Frame is an IP datagram Establish a connection to 128. 143. 71. 21 at port 80 Open TCP connection to 128. 143. 71. 21 port 80 IP datagram is a TCP segment for port 80 Send IP data-gram to Send a datagram (which contains a connection Send IP datagram to 128. 143. 71. 21 request) to 128. 143. 71. 21 Frame is an IP datagram Send the datagram to 128. 143. 137. 1 Send Ethernet frame to 00: e 0: f 9: 23: a 8: 20 the datagram to 128. 143. 7. 21 Send Ethernet frame to 00: 20: af: 03: 98: 28

Layers and Services p Service provided by TCP to HTTP: n p Service provided by IP to TCP: n p unreliable transmission of IP datagrams across an IP network Service provided by Ethernet to IP: n p reliable transmission of byte streams over a logical connection transmission of a frame across an Ethernet segment Other services: n n DNS: translation between domain names and IP addresses ARP: Translation between IP addresses and MAC addresses

Encapsulation & Demultiplexing p As data is moving down the protocol stack, each protocol is adding layer-specific control information

Encapsulation & Demultiplexing in our Example p Let us look in detail at the Ethernet frame between Argon and the Router, which contains the TCP connection request to Neon. p This is the frame in hexadecimal notation. 00 e 0 4500 8990 0000 05 b 4 f 923 002 c 808 f 0000 a 820 9 d 08 4715 6002 00 a 0 4000 065 b 2000 2471 8006 0050 598 e e 444 8 bff 0009 0000 0800 808 f 465 b 0204

Encapsulation & Demultiplexing

Encapsulation & Demultiplexing: Ethernet Header

Encapsulation & Demultiplexing: IP Header

Encapsulation & Demultiplexing: IP Header

Encapsulation & Demultiplexing: TCP Header Option: maximum segment size

Encapsulation & Demultiplexing: TCP Header

Encapsulation & Demultiplexing: Application data

Different Views of Networking p Different Layers of the protocol stack have a different view of the network. This is HTTP’s and TCP’s view of the network.

Network View of IP Protocol

Network View of Ethernet p Ethernet’s view of the network

The Evolution of Internet Introductory material. An overview lecture that covers Internet related topics, including a definition of the Internet, an overview of its history and growth, and standardization and naming.

A Definition p On October 24, 1995, the FNC unanimously passed a resolution defining the term Internet. • RESOLUTION: The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following language reflects our definition of the term "Internet" refers to the global information system that - • (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; • (ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and • (iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein.

Internet History 1961 -1972: Early packet-switching principles p p p 1961: Kleinrock queueing theory shows effectiveness of packetswitching 1964: Baran - packetswitching in military nets 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency p 1972: n n ARPAnet demonstrated publicly NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol first e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes

Internet History 1972 -1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets p p p 1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii 1973: Metcalfe’s Ph. D thesis proposes Ethernet 1974: Cerf and Kahn architecture for interconnecting networks late 70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA late 70’s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor) 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles: n minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect networks n best effort service model n stateless routers n decentralized control define today’s Internet architecture

Internet History 1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps p p p Early 1990’s: ARPAnet decommissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) early 1990 s: Web n hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s] n HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee n 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape n late 1990’s: commercialization of the Web Late 1990’s – 2000’s: p p more killer apps: instant messaging, P 2 P file sharing network security to forefront est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone links running at Gbps

Applications of the Internet Traditional core applications: Email News Remote Login File Transfer p The killer application: World-Wide Web (WWW), P 2 P p Future applications: Videoconferencing and Telephony Multimedia Services Internet Broadcast p

Growth of the Internet Source: Internet Software Consortium

Internet Infrastructure

Internet Infrastructure p The infrastructure of the Internet consists of a federation of connected networks that are each independently managed (“autonomous system”) n p Note: Each “autononmous system may consist of multiple IP networks Hierarchy of network service providers n n n Tier-1: nation or worldwide network (US: less than 20) Tier-2: regional networks (in US: less than 100) Tier-3: local Internet service provider (in US: several thousand)

Internet Infrastructure Location where a network (ISP, corporate network, or regional network) gets access to the Internet is called a Point-of-Presence (POP). p Locations (Tier-1 or Tier-2) networks are connected for the purpose of exchanging traffic are called peering points. p n n Public peering: Traffic is swapped in a specific location, called Internet exchange points (IXPs) Private peering: Two networks establish a direct link to each other.

Tier-1 ISP: e. g. , Sprint US backbone network

Who is Who on the Internet ? p p p Internet Society (ISOC): Founded in 1992, an international nonprofit professional organization that provides administrative support for the Internet. Founded in 1992, ISOC is the organizational home for the standardization bodies of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): Forum that coordinates the development of new protocols and standards. Organized into working groups that are each devoted to a specific topic or protocol. Working groups document their work in reports, called Request For Comments (RFCs). IRTF (Internet Research Task Force): The Internet Research Task Force is a composed of a number of focused, long-term and small Research Groups. Internet Architecture Board (IAB): a technical advisory group of the Internet Society, provides oversight of the architecture for the protocols and the standardization process The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG): The IESG is responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process. Standards. Composed of the Area

Internet Standardization Process Working groups present their work i of the Internet are published as RFC (Request for Comments). p RFCs are the basis for Internet standards. p Not all RFCs become Internet Standards ! (There are >3000 RFCs and less than 70 Internet standards p A typical (but not only) way of standardization is: p n n n Internet Drafts RFC Proposed Standard

Assigning Identifiers for the Internet Who gives University the domain name “netlab. edu” and who assigns it the network prefix “ 128. 143. 0. 0/16”? Who assigns port 80 as the default port for web servers? p The functions associated with the assignment of numbers is referred to as Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA). p Early days of the Internet: IANA functions are administered by a single person (Jon Postel). Today: p Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) assumes the responsibility for the assignment of technical protocol parameters, allocation of the IP address space, management of the domain name system, and others. p Management of IP address done by Regional Internet Registries (RIRs): p n n APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre) RIPE NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre)

Summary p Layered Internet architecture n n n Reduce complexity Higher layer views lower layer as service provider Application layer, transport layer, network layer, and link layer