Introduction Biomass Starch and sugar based Corn Soybean

Introduction

Biomass § Starch and sugar based - Corn Soybean Most grains Sugar cane. . etc § Marine biomass § Lignocellulose based - Herbaceous plant Agricultural residue Switchgrass Stover. . etc § Oil based - Brown seaweed - Green seaweed - Red seaweed - Chlorella - Chlamydomonas - Spirulina . . etc - Olive oil Castor oil Palm oil Sunflower oil. . etc

Biomass Advantage Sucrose & Starch • Simple pretreatment to obtain fermentable sugar from biomass • Biochemical production with high productivity Disadvantage • Crops potentially compete with food supply Lignocellulosic biomass • Most abundant biomass without competition with food supply • Biochemical producing microorganisms mostly utilize sugars from cellulosic biomass • Difficult to obtain fermentable sugar from biomass • Inhibitory compound production through pretreatment • Low productivity Glycerol • High yield production • Biochemical production with decreased formation of byproducts • Cheap biomass supplied from biodiesel industry • Limitation in biochemical producing microorganisms from glycerol Algal biomass • Biomass without competition with food supply • No need for cultivation land • Higher yield per area compared with plants • Biochemical production from algal biomass by microorganisms was not sufficiently demonstrated • Low biochemical productivity

Lignocellulosic Biomass Biofuel predictions by DOE

Biomass 초본계 목본계 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Lignocellulose – cell wall components Lignin – 20% Hemicellulose – 25% Cellulose – 20% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Lignocellulose - composition Feedstock Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Corn stover 37. 5 22. 4 17. 6 Corn fiber 14. 3 16. 8 8. 4 Pine wood 46. 4 8. 8 29. 4 Popular 49. 9 17. 4 18. 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Wheat straw 38. 2 21. 2 23. 4 Switch grass 31. 0 20. 4 17. 6 Office paper 68. 6 12. 4 11. 3

Pretreatment and hydrolysis of cellulose based biomass ◆ Cellulose based biomass - Forest residues Energy crops: willows, poplar, switchgrass, etc Agricultural waste: straw, corn stover, bagasse, etc Paper waste Municipal solid waste Pretreatment methods ◆ Mechanical pretreatment Detoxification commonly required - Mechanical comminution, pyrolysis, and etc ◆ Physicochemical pretreatment Biomass - Steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion, carbon dioxide explosion, and etc ◆ Chemical pretreatment - Ozonolysis, acidic, alkaline, oxidative delignification, organosolv process, and etc ◆ Biological pretreatment - Enzymatic hydrolysis Fermentable substrates Glucose, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, and etc

Pretreatment

Examples

Production of Lactic acid from various feedstock by Lactobacillus sp. LAB strains Lactic acid Hydrolysis Nutrients productivity titer (g/l/h) (g/l) Pretreatment Detoxification Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin Na. OH - Cellulase LAB 20. 1 - Pulp Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin Na. OH - Cellulase LAB 36. 3 1. 01 ATCC 25600 Waste card board Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, Na. OH - Cellulase LAB 23. 4 - IFO 3202 Defatted rice bran Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch - - Cellulase& amylase MRS 26 2. 16 ATCC 7469 Paper sludge Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin - - Cellulase MRS 73 2. 9 NCIM 2365 Sugar cane molasses Sugars H 2 SO 4 KOH - YE 16. 8 0. 7 Uc-3 (a mutant Sugar cane molasses Sugars of NCIM 2365) H 2 SO 4 KOH - YE 73. 2 3. 05 Feed Main components Con stover ATCC 9649

Production of butanol from various feedstock by C. beijerinckii Feed strains Main components ATCC 55025 BA 101 Hemicellulose, starch Starch BA 101 Wheat bran Cassava flour Glucose (control) Con fiber Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch Glucose (control) NCIMB 8052 Corncob residue Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin Glucose (control) P 260 Wheat straw Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin Glucose (control) NCIMB 8052 Rice bran Defatted rice bran Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch Glucose (control) BA 101 Liquefied corn starch Starch Dried distillers’ grains Cellulose, hemicellulose, and solubles lignin Starch (control) BA 101 Packing peanuts Starch Glucose (control) NRRL B 592 Potato Starch Detoxification Pretreatment - Bu. OH Hydrolysis Nutrients titer (g/l) H 2 SO 4 P 2 8. 8 Amylase P 2 27. 5 P 2 H 2 SO 4 P 2 7. 2 P 2 9. 4 ABE titer productivity (g/l) (g/l/h) 11. 8 0. 16 47. 8 0. 5 18. 1 0. 3 1. 7 9. 3 0. 1 15. 6 0. 18 15. 8 0. 31 - Ca(OH)2 XAD-4 Ca(OH)2 - Cellulase P 2 5. 6 9. 9 0. 1 - - - P 2 12. 7 20. 1 0. 28 Cellulase P 2 12 25 0. 6 H 2 SO 4 - - P 2 16. 8 22. 7 0. 47 HCl - Cellulase P 2 11. 4 14. 6 0. 3 HCl - Cellulase P 2 12. 2 16. 4 0. 46 HCl H 2 SO 4 Hot water AFEX - Ca(OH)2 - P 2 P 2 P 2 SSGM - 16. 8 15. 1 17. 6 15. 8 10. 1 - 24. 5 23. 9 26. 5 6. 8 11. 5 10. 4 24. 7 13. 3 15. 2 18. 6 8. 1 0. 58 0. 31 0. 4 0. 34 0. 16 0. 33 0. 15 - - Amylase Cellulase Amylase Heat & mixing - - 18. 9 0. 42 -

Production of chemicals from various feedstock by E. coli strains Feed Main components FBR 5 wheat straw Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin BL 21(DE 3) Glycerol HMS 174/p. TZ 18 Sugar beet molasses Sugars u-PHB Detoxi. Pretreatment fication Product Hydrolysis Nutrients titer productivity (g/l) (g/l/h) H 2 SO 4 - Cellulase DM Et. OH (41. 6) 0. 40 - - - DM Lphenylala nine (5. 6) - - - Hot water DM PHB (8. 96) -