Introduction and CZEN Overview July 16 2008 Penn

Introduction and CZEN Overview July 16, 2008, Penn State www. czen. org Goldschmidt Meeting, Vancouver

Anderson et al. , 2004 The Critical Zone = the zone extending from the outer vegetation envelope to the lower limit of groundwater

Human population through historical time. . . Slide from Mike Hochella, Univ of Delaware meeting

Slide from Mike Hochella, Univ of Delaware meeting

Historical Rates of Earth Moved From Hooke, R. Le. B. , 2000, Geology, Vol. 28, No. 9. ~2 times geologic rate "the bottom line is, we move about 10 times as much sediment as all natural processes put together, " –Bruce Wilkinson, U. Michigan, Nov. 2004, GSA Meeting Slide from Mike Hochella, Univ of Delaware meeting

The Four Driving Questions Nutrients What processes control fluxes of carbon, particulates, and reactive gases over different timescales? How do processes that nourish ecosystems change over human and geologic time scales? Landform Evolution Atmosphere How do biogeochemical processes govern longterm sustainability of water and soil resources? Chemistry of Water How do variations in and perturbation to chemical and physical weathering processes impact the Critical Zone?

To answer these questions requires scientists who can cross disciplines and also think across timescales that vary from seconds to tens of millions of years

How can we quantitatively predict (earthcast) the response of the earth surface to natural and human perturbation? To do this, we need… • new techniques to measure the controlling variables at the relevant scales of time and space • comprehensive, long-term, and systematic observations of the key variables needed to earthcast • measurement of thermodynamic and kinetic data necessary to predict the fluxes of matter and energy occurring at interfaces between reservoirs with very different dynamics • development of conceptual models • development of a complete set of governing equations for surface processes • improvements in modeling of dynamical complexities and emergent phenomena

The U. S. funding perspective NSF EAR BIO DOE NASA Fundamental Critical Zone Science USDA EPA

Partial History: WSSC and CZEN • • • Workshop with 20 participants (Baltimore, October 2003) WSSC website (http: //www. wssc. psu. edu/) Open meeting at AGU (Dec. 2003) Anderson et al. (2004) published in EOS Goldschmidt conf. , Copenhagen, open meeting (2004) Open meeting at WRI-11, Saratoga Springs (June 2004) WSSC European science meeting (England, Oct. 2004) WSSC UK scientists meeting (October 2004) 2005 Goldschmidt conference: Earth’s Weathering Engine • 2 nd WSSC Workshop, January 2005, at NSF, WSSC renamed as CZEN • Univ of Delaware Frontiers of Crit Zone meeting, 2006 • Data and Date Structures Meeting at Penn State, 2007

Workshop report from the Univ of Delaware meeting Download from www. czen. org Pick up a copy at the Earth. Chem. CZENChemx. Seer booth

The Tool that this Community Needs • A network of observatories (Critical Zone Exploration Network, CZEN) that all Critical Zone scientists could work on together • CZEN would be open for investigation using all chemical or physical or hydrological or ecological or molecular biological or geological (etc. ) techniques

Topography Critical Zone Exploration Network Climate Disturbance Biology Ti m e Lithology

Why a network? • Network can explore one environmental variable while keeping other variables constant • Network allows comparison of the same data measured in the same way at multiple sites • Network allows understanding of broad patterns of behavior • Network can create community among scientists and generate interdisciplinary understanding

Hawaii Critical Zone Network Peter Vitousek and Oliver Chadwick have spearheaded both chronosequences and climosequences in Hawaii that have drawn many scientists to investigate the Hawaiian CZ

CZEN Seed Sites funded in 2006

NSF announced a competition for Critical Zone Observatories in 2006 • • • ($8 m new money) Largely in response to exciting new surface Earth sciences In partial response to the NRC BROES report that highlighted the Critical Zone In partial response to community pressure from CUAHSI, WSSC, CZEN, NCED, many others In partial response to proposal pressure Earth surface scientists Run jointly by Geomorphology, Geobiology and Low T Geochemistry, and Hydrology programs

Critical Zone Observatories • Sierra Nevada Transect (Roger Bales) • Boulder Creek (Suzanne Anderson) • Susquehanna Shale Hills (Chris Duffy)

SSHO: Shale Transect SSHO Investigators Chris Duffy Sue Brantley Rudy Slingerland David Eissenstat Ken Davis Karen Salvage Kamni Singha Laura Toran Pat Reed Eric Kirby Tim White Kevin Dressler Doug Miller Ray Fletcher Michelle Tuttle Paul Bierman Peter Lichtner Carl Steefel Transect Investigators

CZEN International Sites • Big. Link, Switzerland • Guadeloupe, France • Strengbach, France

Criteria to become a CZEN site • Data available for water and soils down to bedrock • Willingness to share data • Willingness to open the site to other investigators • Interest in answering questions that can only be answered with a network of sites

For a given lithology, can we use the climate and the soil residence time or exposure time to predict • …. the thickness of regolith on the landscape? • …the profiles of elements and minerals as a function of depth to bedrock?

What controls the depth and chemistry of the Earth’s regolith?

To answer such questions across a network requires shared data • We have a great variety of data types that vary with space and time • We need to have some measurements that are made at all sites = core data • We will have some measurements that are more specialized and that will not be made at all sites = specialized data

CZEN has drafted an ontology that describes the structure of the data, and it has been posted for comments http: //www. czen. org/content/critical-zone-ontology http: //www. czen. org

Table 1. Minimum Information to be Submitted from CZEN Sites Site information (as available): Digital topography (and derived information such as slope and curvature); Digital geology; Digital soil; Landform type; Landform position, Parent material type (e. g. , alluvial, bedrock), Latitude, Longitude, Description of drainage characteristics, Slope, Aspect, Land use description, Elevation, Geology. Meteorological characteristics: Daily, monthly and mean annual temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration. Regolith characterization: Bedrock chemistry and mineralogy; Soil and saprolite bulk density, Soil chemistry (as function of depth to bedrock), Soil mineralogy (as function of depth to bedrock), Loss on ignition (if applicable), Soil profile description, Landform age or soil production rates, Depth to bedrock, Analysis company (if applicable for chemical analysis); Analysis technique (for chemistry and mineralogy); Date of analysis; Sample preparation (size separation, drying, ashed or unashed); Grain size analyzed

Data Infrastructure for CZ Science • The three CZOs must share data after a two year embargo period • Only moderate funding was included in each CZO proposal to place data onto the web • The SSHO CZO is discussing placing data onto the web using Chemx. Seer, but ultimately storing it with Earth. Chem (CZ. db …with Kerstin Lehnert, Columbia U. ) • As the CZ data infrastructure for CZO grows, we should augment this CZO data with data from other sites and legacy data, as well as kinetic and thermodynamic data

Kinetic Data Synthesis by Center for Environmental Kinetics Analysis (CEKA) Kaolinite Datasets compiled and placed online (search for Chemx. Seer): silicate mineral dissolution rate constants; chemistry of soils where available from surface to bedrock with exposure age CEKA was funded by the National Science Foundation and Dept of Energy as an Environmental Molecular Sciences Institute Published soil profile data

C. Lee Giles, Levent Bolelli, Xiaonan Lu, Ying Liu, Anuj Jaiswal, Kun Bai, Bingjun Sun, Isaac Councill, Prasenjit Mitra, James Z. Wang, Karl Mueller, James Kubicki, Barbara Garrison, Joel Bandstra, Qingzhao Tan, Juan Pablo Ramirez Fernandez Chemistry, Geosciences, Information Sciences and Technology Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA PI: Karl Mueller, Funded by NSF http: //chemxseer. ist. psu. edu

Data Search Example in Chem. XSeer Search document content and metadata

Table Search Interface in Chemx. Seer Searches tables with specific properties Extracts the data from the table automatically for user decision-making

Chem. XSeer Data Extraction from Figures Numerical data in scientific publications are often found in figures. Tools that automate the data extraction from figures provide the following: • Increases our understanding of key concepts of papers • Eases the process of comparative analyses. • Enables regeneration of figures in different contexts. • Enables search for documents with figures containing specific experiment results. X. Lu, et. al, JCDL 2006.

What kind of cyberinfrastructure might we want? • Cyberinfrastructure that promotes use of datasets by domain scientists • Cyberinfrastructure that promotes use of reactive transport models (eg Flotran, Crunch, Witch, Min 3) • Cyberinfrastructure that will invite domain scientists to share data and make it accessible • Cyberinfrastructure that will facilitate both private and public datasets • Cyberinfrastructure that is enabled by funding agencies, professional societies, publishing houses, and individual scientists • Cyberinfrastructure that brings communities together, more predictive capability, and a stronger voice

How can a cyberinfrastructure be inviting to domain scientists? • The site will be the “go to” place to make comparisons across data sets • The site will make it easy for domain scientists to compare their data with other data • The site will allow domain scientists to keep their own data private until released after an embargo period • The site will make it easy for scientists to cite authors of the data • The site will have rudimentary tools to work on visualizing or fitting data • The site will make it easy for nonspecialists or scientists from other fields to find and use data (interoperability) • The site will promote “discussion” between other portals or other cyberinfrastructures

Chemx. Seer Earth. Chem (databases) (cybertools Fundamental Critical Zone Science CZEN. org (social networking, data management) for chemistry) CZEN (field sites)

CZEN is a network of • Sites (network of field sites) • Ideas (network of model development) • Tools (network of tools tested on sites and cybertools for using data) • People (network of international scientists and students)

www. czen. org • • Social networking site for Critical Zone scientists Content management system 566 registered users Growing at a rate of about 4/day 500 pages 33 groups including international groups 14 post types are available Biggest problem: teaching geochemists how to use a content management system!

CZEN International Student Scholars—received NSF funding to work in Europe in 2006/07 • Claire Hoff, U. of New Hampshire, Calcium leaching dynamics, Hasselt University, Belgium • Heather Buss, USGS Postdoctoral Fellow, Guadeloupe and Puerto Rico. • Heidi Albrecht, Penn State U. , Frasassi Cave, Italy. • Julie Pett-Ridge, Cornell U. , Oxford U. , UK • Mark Waldrop, USGS Postdoctoral Fellow, Lancaster U. , England. • Sarah Hayes, U. of Arizona, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. • Simon Mudd, Vanderbilt U. , Oxford U. , UK • Susan Crow, Purdue U. , Queen’s University, Belfast, Ireland. • Susan Riggins, U. of Colorado-Boulder, British Geological Survey. Current ongoing competition for students to receive funded to attend the Soil. Crit. Zone meeting in Crete in Sept 2008

The U. S. funding perspective NSF EAR BIO DOE NASA Fundamental Critical Zone Science USDA EPA If CZ scientists build the science…the funding will come

Anderson et al. , 2004 The problem is not just crossing disciplines but also crossing timescales from seconds to millenia…earth scientists must continue to emphasize the time component so that we can earthcast the surface earth system