Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV By

Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV By, Dr. Subrahmanyam Saderla AEROSPACE ENGINNERING IIT KANPUR

Lecture outline: • What is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle? • Some of the applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. • Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles based on • • Size. Weight. Mission. Principle of operation. Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 2

What is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle? • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), as the name suggests are aircrafts without any pilot on-board. • The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a remotely piloted or self-piloted aircraft that can carry payloads such as cameras, sensors, and communications equipment. All flight operations (including take-off and landing) are performed without on-board human pilot. • A UAV should not be confused with ‘drones’. Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 3

Drone vs UAV? Drone UAV • A drone aircraft fly out of sight of the • A UAV, on the other hand, will have some operator, but has zero intelligence, merely greater degree of ‘automatic intelligence’. being launched into a pre-programmed mission on a pre-programmed course and • It will be able to communicate with its a return to base. controller and to return payload data such as electro-optic or thermal TV images, • It does not communicate and the results together with its primary state information of the mission, e. g. photographs, are – position, airspeed, heading and altitude. usually not obtained from it until it is recovered at base. • It will also transmit information as to its condition, which is often referred to as ‘housekeeping data’, covering aspects such as the amount of fuel it has, temperatures of components, e. g. engines or electronics. Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 4

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Civilian uses • Aerial photography - Film, video, still, etc. , *image credit – dji matrice 600 pro Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 5

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Civilian uses • Agriculture - Crop monitoring and spraying; herd monitoring and driving *image credit – DJI MG-1 S Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 6

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Civilian uses • Agriculture - Crop monitoring and spraying; herd monitoring and driving *image credit – AG Eagle RX-60 Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 7

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Civilian uses • Coastguard - Search and rescue, coastline and sea-lane monitoring *image credit – little ripper Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 8

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles • Civilian uses • Gas and oil supply companies - Land survey and pipeline security • Local Authorities - Survey, disaster control • Police Authorities - Search for missing persons, security and incident surveillance • Survey organizations - Geographical, geological and archaeological survey *image credit – Sense fly e. Bee Plus Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 9

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – contd. • Military uses • Navy • • Shadowing enemy fleets Decoying missiles by the emission of artificial signatures Electronic intelligence Relaying radio signals Protection of ports from offshore attack Placement and monitoring of sonar buoys and possibly other forms of anti-submarine warfare *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 10

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – contd. • Military uses • Navy *image credit – AAI RQ-2 Pioneer Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 11

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – contd. • Military uses • Army • • • Reconnaissance Surveillance of enemy activity Monitoring of nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) contamination Electronic intelligence Target designation and monitoring Location and destruction of land mines *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 12

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – contd. • Military uses • Army *image credit – AV Raven B Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 13

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – contd. • Military uses • Air Force • • • Long-range, high-altitude surveillance Radar system jamming and destruction Electronic intelligence Airfield base security Airfield damage assessment Elimination of unexploded bombs *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 14

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – contd. • Military uses • Air Force *image credit – Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 15

Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – contd. • Dull Roles - extended surveillance. • Dirty Roles - monitoring the environment for nuclear or chemical contamination. • Dangerous Roles - the reconnaissance of heavily defended areas. • Covert Roles - not to alert the ‘enemy’. • Research Roles - airborne testing. • Environmentally Critical Roles - A UAV will usually cause less environmental disturbance or pollution than a manned aircraft pursuing the same task. *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 16

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Design , sadraey Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 17

Classification of UAVs based on mode of operation • Fixed Wing • Rotary-wing • Multirotors • Flapping wing (ornithopter) • Ducted lift-fan *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Design , sadraey Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 18

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Long-endurance, Long-range Role Aircraft • HALE- High Altitude Long Endurance UAV. • Altitude – 15000 m • Endurance – 24+ hours • They carry out extremely long-range (trans-global) reconnaissance and surveillance and increasingly are being armed. • They are usually operated by Air Forces from fixed bases. • Example- Global Hawk • MALE – Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAV • Altitude – 5000 -15000 m • Endurance – 24+ hours • Their roles are similar to the HALE systems but generally operate at somewhat shorter ranges, but still in excess of 500 km, and from fixed bases. • Example- DRDO Rustom, Predator *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 19

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Long-endurance, Long-range Role Aircraft • High Altitude Long Endurance UAV *image credit – Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk *slide credit – Northrop Grumman Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 20

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Long-endurance, Long-range Role Aircraft • Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAV *image credit – General Atomics Predator B RPA *slide credit – General Atomics Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 21

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • TUAV – Medium Range or Tactical UAV • With range of order between 100 and 300 km, these air vehicles are smaller and operated within simpler systems than are HALE or MALE and are operated also by land naval forces. *image credit – RUAG Ranger Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 22

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • TUAV – Medium Range or Tactical UAV *image credit – AAI Shadow 600 *slide credit – AAI Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 23

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Close-Range UAV • These are used by mobile army battle groups, for other military/naval operations and for diverse civilian purposes. • They usually operate at ranges of up to about 100 km and have probably the most prolific of uses in both fields, including roles as diverse as reconnaissance, target designation, airfield security, ship-to-shore surveillance, power-line inspection, crop-spraying and traffic monitoring, etc. *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 24

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Close-Range UAV *image credit – Cranfield Aerospace solutions - Observer *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 25

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Close-Range UAV *image credit – The BAE Systems Phoenix *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 26

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • MUAV or Mini UAV • MUAV relates to UAV of below a certain mass (yet to be defined) probably below 20 kg, but not as small as the MAV, capable of being hand-launched and operating at ranges of up to about 30 km. These are, again, used by mobile battle groups and particularly for diverse civilian purposes. *image credit – Lockheed Martin Desert Hawk III *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 27

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • MUAV or Mini UAV Specification Description Max takeoff weight 9. 5 kg Wing Span 275 cm Length 135 cm Endurance 3 to 4 hours (payload, environment & mission dependent) Airspeed 60 -120 Km/h / 32 -65 knots Control Range Up to 50 Km (can be extended up to 80 km) Max flight ceiling 30, 000 ft ASL / 9100 m Best operational altitude Up to 1000 m / 3280 ft AGL Takeoff Ground launcher auto-launch Automatic Parachute & Airbag recovery *slide credit – Bluebird, Aero systems Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV *image credit – Bluebird spylite Landing 28

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Micro UAV or MAV • The MAV is defined as a UAV having a wing-span no greater than 150 mm. The MAV is principally required for operations in urban environments, particularly within buildings. • It is required to fly slowly, and preferably to hover and to ‘perch’ – i. e. to be able to stop and to sit on a wall or post. To meet this challenge, research is being conducted into some less conventional configurations such as flapping wing aircraft. • MAV are generally expected to be launched by hand therefore winged versions have very low wing loadings which make them very vulnerable to atmospheric turbulence. *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 29

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Micro UAV or MAV *image credit – IAI Malat *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 30

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Micro UAV or MAV *image credit – Aerovironment Wasp AE *slide credit – Aeroenviroment Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 31

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • NAV – Nano Air Vehicles • These are proposed to be of the size of kidney bean seed and used in swarms for purposes such as radar confusion or conceivably, if camera, propulsion and control sub-systems can be made small enough, for ultra-short range surveillance. • Other terms which may sometimes be seen, but are less commonly used today, were related to the radius of action in operation of the various classes. They are: • Long-range UAV – replaced by HALE and MALE • Medium-range UAV – replaced by TUAV • Close-range UAV – often referred to as MUAV or midi-UAV. *slide credit – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Austin Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 32

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • NAV – Nano Air Vehicles • PD-100 PRS BLACK HORNET 2 *image credit – FLIR black hornet II Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 33

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Novel Hybrid Configurations • Aerovironment Quantix has an advantage of Vertical take off and landing as well as fixed wing mode for cruise flight. *image credit – Aerovironment Quantix Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 34

Classification of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles-contd. • Novel Hybrid Configurations • Honeywell T-Hawk - ducted fan VTOL micro UAV *image credit – Honeywell systems Introduction and Classification of fixed wing UAV 35