Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the

Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the Long Island Gold Rush Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June 1, 2006 steven. manly@rochester. edu

Inquiring minds want to know. . . Yo! What holds it together?

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)

CDF Minos

Stanford Linear Accelerator Center

Event display from the SLD experiment at SLAC

What forces exist in nature? What is a force? How do they interact? How do forces change with energy or temperature? How has the universe evolved?

leptons quarks u c t e d e s b Gauge bosons W, Z, gg, G Strong interaction Hadrons Baryons qqq qq mesons p = uud K = us or us n = udd = ud or ud nuclei Electromagnetic interaction atoms

Mini-Ph. D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Lesson 1: Size actually does matter.

Determine the postion and velocity of a car … no problem

Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem

Problem! Heisenberg uncertainty principle Cannot have perfect knowledge of both the position and velocity Heisenberg

The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles E t h Heisenberg E = mc 2 Einstein e- ! rd a ve, h e t ly ar S lative e D re y t r Pa -Al

qq e+ e+ e+ e ee e+ eqq Much ado about NOTHING: qq qq qq e+e. Nothing is something qq qq + eqq. Nothing has energy + ee e + e ee+einteracts Nothing with something qq + ee qq qq qq -R. Kolb

A contribution to mass at the quantum level Strongly interacting particles interact with the vacuum condensate … which can make them much heavier than the constituent quark masses. qq qqq qqq qq

-MSSL astrophysics group

BANG! TIME

Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental particles

At 0. 000001 second after bang, protons and neutrons form

At 3 minutes, light nuclei form

At ~300, 000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely

t=~13 billion years, Brittney Spears gets married … again

Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe Another form of time travel ! What were forces like at those temperatures? What types of particles existed?

Similar to QED … except the gauge field carries the charge relative strength Quantum Chromodynamics QCD asymptotic freedom distance energy density, temperature quark-antiquark pair created from vacuum quark “white” proton (confined quarks) Strong color field “white” 0 2 E=mc ! separation(confined “white” proton Energy grows with !!! quarks) Thanks to Mike Lisa (OSU) for parts of this animation

e+e- collisions Heavy ion collisions

Relativistic heavy ions at Brookhaven National Laboratory

Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) PHOBOS PHENIX 1 km RHIC BRAHMS STAR v = 0. 99995 c = 186, 000 miles/sec AGS TANDEMS Thanks to M. Lisa for parts of this slide

STAR ~500 Collaborators

One collision seen by STAR TPC

The PHOBOS Detector Time of Flight Spectrometer Vertex 1 m Octagon Paddle Trigger Counter Ring Counters 137000 Silicon Pad Channels Cerenkov Counter

Collision region is football shaped

Elliptic flow 6 12 3 Number of particles 9 12 3 6 9 12

Flow quantified (reaction plane) d. N/d(f -YR ) = N 0 (1 + 2 V 1 cos (f-YR) + 2 V 2 cos (2(f-YR) +. . . )

b (reaction plane)

Elliptic Flow at 130 Ge. V Hydrodynamic limit STAR: PRL 86 (2001) 402 PHOBOS preliminary Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002) Thanks to M. Kaneta (PHOBOS : Normalized Paddle Signal)

Flow vs Pt and Hydro describes low pt vs. particle mass, fails at high pt and high- (consider velocity and early, selfquenching asymmetry) T. Hirano

Places to learn more: Particle and nuclear physics links http: //pdg. lbl. gov http: //particleadventure. org http: //www. slac. stanford. edu/gen/edu/aboutslac. html http: //www. bnl. gov/bnlweb/sciindex. html http: //www. bnl. gov/rhic/ http: //public. web. cern. ch/public/ http: //www. fnal. gov/ http: //www. er. doe. gov/production/henp/np/index. html http: //www. science. doe. gov/hep/index. shtm