Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Learning Objectives Define the
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Learning Objectives • Define the terms intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and give several examples of each • Demonstrate the ability to shift from extrinsic towards intrinsic forms of motivation • Describe the differences between task and ego orientations • Consistently describe the reasons one is motivated to engage in an activity
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation • Intrinsic Motivation – Drive comes from within; the activity is enjoyable in itself – Examples: eating desert, playing video games – Preferable type but not always possible • Extrinsic motivation – Drive comes from some external reward – Examples: studying to get a good grade, working at a job to get paid.
More on Extrinsic Motivation • May lie on a spectrum, depending on: – How far removed the eventual reward is – Whether you see the utility of the task or resent having to do it. – Whether you have autonomy or are being forced to do it by others
Promoting Intrinsic Motivation • Increases when: – You have autonomy and self-determination – Friends are involved – You have confidence in your abilities (self-efficacy) – You use positive self-talk • Decreases when: – You have no choice in the matter – You have low confidence – You use negative self-talk – External rewards are emphasized • The “Over-justification Hypothesis”
Motivation and Freud • The Pleasure Principle – Choose things that bring pleasure – Child-like motives guiding actions – Immediate gratification – Analogous to intrinsic motivation • The Reality Principle – Adult-like decision making – Reality requires us to delay gratification – Analogous to extrinsic motivation
Motivation and Self-Efficacy • Self-Efficacy is: – Your confidence in your ability to complete a specific task* – Influenced by your own past performance – Influenced by the performance of similarly qualified peers (referred to as “models”) – Affected by support (or lack thereof) by others • Self-Efficacy and Motivation – ↑ Self-efficacy leads to ↑ effort and persistence – And vice-versa – Thus directly affects motivation – And impacts performance – above and beyond skill
Motivation and Self-Efficacy • *Self-Efficacy differs from self esteem or self-concept, which refers to overall view of self – Not considered a character trait – Can have low self-esteem and high confidence in a certain task (and vice versa) – Will revisit when we look at task and ego orientation • Influences intrinsic and extrinsic motivation – “I hate word problems, ” translates to “I don’t expect to do well on word problems. ” – “I love puzzles, ” means “I’m good at doing puzzles. ”
Self-Efficacy Whether you think you can or think you can’t … you’re right. - Henry Ford
Discussion • What are some things for which you are intrinsically motivated? • What things do you hate doing but continue to do anyway? • Is anyone intrinsically motivated to do something that a classmate dislikes? If so, explain what you enjoy about it? • Is there anything you are good at doing but that you dislike doing? Anything you are bad at but enjoy? • Is there anything you are doing any you really don’t know why you are doing it?
Moving towards intrinsic motivation • Identify an activity in which you are motivated extrinsically, and you resent having to do it. – Consider how you can get “on board” with the reasons you need to do this activity. – Move from extrinsic and resentful to extrinsic and accepting. • Identify an activity that you don’t enjoy but for which you recognize the need to do it. – Consider how you could find the activity enjoyable. • Thus, we will move one step closer to intrinsic motivation • A caveat: If you cannot find a good reason to be motivated, you may decide to abandon the activity and focus your energies elsewhere.
What’s at Stake? • “My reputation is on the line. ” • “People will judge me based on how I do. ” • “I’ve talked a big game. Now I have to back it up. ” • “I’m going to find a way to explain this in writing. ” • “This is like a big puzzle to solve. ” • “What does it say about me that I’m taking so long to figure this out. ” • “I want to beat my personal best. ”
Task and Ego Orientation • Offers another perspective on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation • Theory proposes we have a level of task involvement and ego involvement that motivates us • The two types are considered independent – Can be low on both, high on both, or low on one and high on another • Task involvement – Analogous to intrinsic motivation – Most educators recommend this type • Ego involvement – Analogous to extrinsic motivation – Less recommended but has its value as well
Task and Ego Orientation Task Orientation Ego Orientation Compare self to past performance Compare self to others’ performance Focus on task and learning Focus on outcome Performance attributed to effort Performance attributed to talents Hard work is valued Ease of task is valued Mastery of task is at stake Self worth is at stake Tends to decrease pressure Tends to increase pressure
Task versus Ego Orientation There is nothing noble in being superior to your fellow men. True nobility lies in being superior to your former self. - Ernest Hemingway
Task and Ego Orientation: Time to Rate Yourself • On-line version of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) – https: //www. brianmac. co. uk/teosq. htm • Designed for sport but can complete it with any activity in mind • Visit site and complete the questionnaire • Discuss your results with a partner
Resources • TEOSQ as found at: – https: //www. brianmac. co. uk/teosq. htm • Ryan and Deci (2010). • Wigfield and Cambria (2010). • https: //cft. vanderbilt. edu/guides-sub-pages/motivating-students/ • https: //www. education. com/reference/article/motivation-based-selfefficacy/
- Slides: 16