Interviewing and Interrogation Chapter 1 Smart Talk Contemporary

Interviewing and Interrogation Chapter 1 Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -1 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Lesson Overview: How are Crimes Solved? n When someone makes the decision to talk to the police u Influenced by the communication skills of the interviewer Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -2 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Communication Process: The Berlo SMCR Model n For an interview to occur: A person initiates the interaction (the source) u A person receives and interprets the means (the receiver) u Meaning is conveyed through our five senses u Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -3 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Definition of Interviewing n Interviewing is the practice of fact finding which produces information that can lead to conclusions about an event or incident Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -4 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

What is an Interview? n An interview is questioning persons who are not suspects in a crime, but who may know something about it Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -5 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Purpose of the Interview u The purpose of the interview is to gather information Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -6 u About 80% of police investigative work consists of interviewing © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Categories of Persons to be Interviewed: Victim n A victim is the person who is the object of an incident, crime, or other harm caused against them Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -7 n These interviews are influenced by prejudice, anger, pain, and fear in addition to age, gender, cognitive abilities, and fear of disclosure © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Categories of Persons to be Interviewed: Witnesses n A witness is someone who personally sees, hears, or otherwise observes something relating to the incident under investigation Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -8 n Eyewitness evidence is notoriously inaccurate, incomplete, and unreliable © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Categories of Persons to be Interviewed: Suspects n A suspect is the person that the police officer has reasonable cause to believe committed a specific crime Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -9 n In addition to sharing the same influences as the victim, a suspect has consequences to fear © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Characteristics of an Interview n n n Non-accusatory Purpose is to gather information Should be conducted early in the investigation Variety of environments Free flowing May need to take notes Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -10 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Definition of Interrogation n An interrogation is an exercise in persuasion with the goal of eliciting a truthful confession Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -11 n n Persuade: to influence or gain over by argument, advice, or entreaty Elicit: to draw out or entice forth © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Purpose of the Interrogation n It is meant to encourage the suspect to provide evidence of guilt or involvement in an event Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -12 n A confession or admission is sought by the interrogator © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Confession n A statement made by a defendant disclosing his or her guilt of a crime with which she or he was charged and excluding the possibility of a reasonable inference to the contrary Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -13 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Admission n An acknowledgement of guilty conduct containing only facts from which guilt may or may not be inferred Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -14 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Characteristics of Interrogation n n n Accusatory Involves active persuasion Purpose = learn the truth! Controlled environment Suspected guilt Notes are not initially taken Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -15 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Personal Qualities of the Interviewer n The process of successful interviewing includes: Putting aside personal prejudices and biases u Developing a genuine curiosity u Having a positive attitude u A willingness to develop rapport u Becoming knowledgeable u Being professional u Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -16 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Rapport Development n Rapport is when two people agree on the means and willingness to communicate Established by putting the interviewee at ease through mutual respect u It is earned by the attitude of the interviewer u Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -17 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Knowledgeable Interviewer n n n Keeps asking questions and continues to learn from each case Does not make judgments based on past encounters that were similar Knows that the answers must be learned from the circumstances and will only come through listening and watching Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -18 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Professionalism n n n Demands that each investigation begins without case bias or preconceived notions about the victim Requires patience and persistence Is the capacity to demonstrate respect for others Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -19 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Communication for Rapport n n n Communication includes both verbal and non-verbal messages Information communicated is about 65% non-verbal Verbal communication is about 35% of information related Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -20 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Matching n Matching is a subtle form of the interviewer mimicking the non-verbal and paralanguage behaviors of the person being interviewed Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -21 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Kinesics n Kinesics is a form of non-verbal communication that includes: Body language u Facial expressions u Gestures u Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -22 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Posture Communicates Emotion n n Rising energy is reflected in a lift of the body Downward movement is related to death, the sick, the weary, and the discouraged Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -23 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Matching Kinesic Communications n n When two people are communicating effectively their body language will be aligned When an interviewer attempts to develop rapport, defensive signals need to be overcome in order for the interview to proceed effectively Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -24 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Examples of Facial Expressions n n Eyebrows frown for anger or concentration and rise for intensity Pupils of the eyes get larger during fear and smaller during rest Lips may move into a grin to show happiness, a grimace for fear, or a pout to indicate sadness Wide eyes typically indicate surprise or excitement; narrowed eyes indicate disagreement or a threat Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -25 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Examples of Gestures n n n That rubbing one’s ear is an indication the person does not know the answer to a question Swaying backwards in the chair points to an individual with a weak ego Crossing of the arms is a defensive posture, the person has become cautious Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -26 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Facial Expressions n Include both conscious and unconscious movements of the nose, lips, eyebrows, tongue, and eyes Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -27 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Proxemics n The study of our use of space and how various differences in that use make us feel more relaxed or more anxious Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -28 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Proxemics Spacing n Intimate space u n Personal-casual space u n 1. 5 to 4 feet Social-consultive space u n 0 to 1. 5 feet 5 to 10 feet Public space u 10 feet and beyond Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -29 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Paralanguage n n The vocal part of speech and its nuances is communication that goes beyond the specific words spoken It is not only what people say, but how they say it that is important! Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -30 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Characteristics of Paralanguage n n n Tone Pitch Reflection Amplitude Rate Voice quality Smart Talk: Contemporary Interviewing and Interrogation By Denise Kindschi Gosselin 1 -31 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458