Interview COURSE 4 LECT DR ADRIANA TEFNEL ADRIANA

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Interview COURSE 4 LECT. DR. ADRIANA ȘTEFĂNEL ADRIANA. STEFANEL@FJSC. RO

Interview COURSE 4 LECT. DR. ADRIANA ȘTEFĂNEL ADRIANA. STEFANEL@FJSC. RO

After this course students must be able to: § Describe and choose between structured,

After this course students must be able to: § Describe and choose between structured, semi-structured, non-directive, focused and informal interviews on the basis of the objectives of the research §Select between using interviews and questionnaires §Produce valid and reliable interview schedules §Conduct and interview skilfully, tactfully, safely and ethically

What is an interview? §An interview is a conversation between people in which one

What is an interview? §An interview is a conversation between people in which one person has the role of researcher (Gray, D. , 2010, p. 369) § (field) interview is a joint production of a researcher and one or more informants (Newmann, W. L. , 2011, p. 449) In field interviews, informants express themselves in the forms in which they normally speak, think and organize reality. You want to retain informants’ jokes and narrative stories in their natural form and not repackage them into a standardized format (Newmann, W. L. , 2011, p. 450)

Why use interviews? §Allows the researcher to probe for more detailed responses where the

Why use interviews? §Allows the researcher to probe for more detailed responses where the respondent is asked to clarify what they have said. §Interviews can provide expert opinion, eyewitness account or personal testimony Interviewing is a powerful way of helping people to make explicit things that have hitherto been implicit- to articulate their tacit perceptions, feelings and understandings (Arksey&Knight, apud Gray, D. , , op. cit, p. 370)

Weaknesses Strengths High validity

Weaknesses Strengths High validity

Weaknesses Strengths High validity Not very reliable

Weaknesses Strengths High validity Not very reliable

Strengths s Complex question and issues can be discussed High validity Weaknesses Not very

Strengths s Complex question and issues can be discussed High validity Weaknesses Not very reliable

Strengths Complex questions and issues can be discussed Time consuming High validity Not very

Strengths Complex questions and issues can be discussed Time consuming High validity Not very reliable Weaknesses

Positive rapport Strengths s Complex question and issues can be discussed High validity Time

Positive rapport Strengths s Complex question and issues can be discussed High validity Time consuming Not very reliable Weaknesses

Strengths Positive rapport Depends on the skill of the interviewer Complex questions and issues

Strengths Positive rapport Depends on the skill of the interviewer Complex questions and issues can be discussed Time consuming High validity Not very reliable Weaknesses

The person is totally familiar with the issue The person is currently involved in

The person is totally familiar with the issue The person is currently involved in the field The ideal informant The person can spend time with the researcher Nonanalytic individuals make better informants

The person is totally familiar with the issue The person is currently involved in

The person is totally familiar with the issue The person is currently involved in the field The ideal informant The person can spend time with the researcher Nonanalytic individuals make better informants

The person is totally familiar with the issue The person is currently involved in

The person is totally familiar with the issue The person is currently involved in the field The ideal informant The person can spend time with the researcher Nonanalytic individuals make better informants

The person is totally familiar with the issue The person is currently involved in

The person is totally familiar with the issue The person is currently involved in the field The ideal informant The person can spend time with the researcher Nonanalytic individuals make better informants

Interview is the favoured approach where: There is a need to attain highly personalized

Interview is the favoured approach where: There is a need to attain highly personalized data Opportunity for probing are required A good return rate is important Standardized questionnaires are more powerful where: Large numbers of respondents must be reached Better reliability of data is desired

Survey Interviews versus Field Research Interviews (Newmann, L. W. op. cit. p. 451) Typical

Survey Interviews versus Field Research Interviews (Newmann, L. W. op. cit. p. 451) Typical survey interview Typical Field Interview It has a clear beginning and end The beginning and end are not clear. The interview can be picked up at a later time The same standard questions are asked of all respondents in the same sequence The questions and the order in which they are asked are tailored to specific people and situations The interviewer askes questions and the respondent answers It is like a friendly conversational exchange but with more interviewer questions The interviewer appears neutral al all times The interviewer shows interest in responses and encourages elaboration It is almost always with one respondent alone It can occur in group setting or with others in area but varies It has a professional tone and business-like focus; diversions are ignored It is impressed with jokes, asides, stories, diversions and anecdotes, which are recorded Closer-ended questions are common Open-ended questions are common and probes are frequent The interviewer alone controls the pace and the direction of the interview The interviewer and informat(s) jointly control the pace and direction of the interview The social context in which the interview occurs is ignored and assumed to make little difference The social context of the interview is noted and seen as important for interpreting the meaning of responses The interviewer attempts to mold the communication pattern into a standard framework The interviewer adjusts to the informat(s) norms and language usage

Used to collect data for quantitative analysis and use preprepared questionnaires and standardized questions.

Used to collect data for quantitative analysis and use preprepared questionnaires and standardized questions. Selecting interview approaches § Structured interviews § Semi-structured interviews § Non-directive interviews § Focused interviews § Informal conversational interviews

Selecting interview approaches §The interviewer has a list of issues and questions to be

Selecting interview approaches §The interviewer has a list of issues and questions to be covered, but may not deal with al of them in each interview. § Structured interviews §The order of questions may also change depending on what direction the interview takes § Semi-structured interviews § Non-directive interviews § Focused interviews § Informal conversational interviews §The semi-structured interview allows for probing of views and opinions where it is desirable for respondents to expand on their answers

§ Are used to explore an issue or topic in depth §Questions are not,

§ Are used to explore an issue or topic in depth §Questions are not, generally, pre-planned §Active listening techniques are used Selecting interview approaches § Structured interviews § Semi-structured interviews § Non-directive interviews § Focused interviews § Informal conversational interviews § § § Forbidden reaction during active listening: To command To threaten, to warn To moralize, to give a lecture To give a good advice, to come forth with good solution To formulate logical arguments pretending to be knowledgeable To praise, to speak highly of To mock at people, to speak ironically To analyse and diagnose To console and to encourage To interrogate To be amusing or sarcastic

Selecting interview approaches § Structured interviews § Semi-structured interviews § Non-directive interviews § Focused

Selecting interview approaches § Structured interviews § Semi-structured interviews § Non-directive interviews § Focused interviews § Informal conversational interviews §Is based upon the respondent’s subjective responses to a known situation in which they have been involved §The objective is to understand the respondent's point of view rather than make generalizations about behavior. §The researcher tries to build a rapport with the respondent and the interview is like a conversation.

Selecting interview approaches § Structured interviews §Relies on the spontaneous generation of questions as

Selecting interview approaches § Structured interviews §Relies on the spontaneous generation of questions as the interview progress § Semi-structured interviews §It is the most open-ended form of interview technique § Non-directive interviews § Focused interviews § Informal conversational interviews

Structured interviews Quick to data capture Semi-structured interviews Unstructured (non-directive, focused and informal)interviews Slow

Structured interviews Quick to data capture Semi-structured interviews Unstructured (non-directive, focused and informal)interviews Slow and time-consuming to data capture and analyse Use the random sampling The longer the interview, the more advisable it is to use random sampling Opportunity and snowball sampling often used. In organizations, targeting of key informants Interview schedule followed exactly Interviewer refers to a guide containing mixture of open and closed questions. Interviewer uses aide-memoire of topics for discussion and improvises Interviewer-led Sometimes interviewer-led, sometimes informant-led Non-directive interviewing Tends to positivist view of knowledge Mixture of positivist and non-positivist Non-positivist view of knowledge Respondents’ anonymity easily guaranteed Harder to ensure anonymity Researcher tends to know the informant Easy to analyse Quantitative parts easy to analyse Usually hard to analyse

Designing credible interviews: internal validity The researcher need to ensure that, if any research

Designing credible interviews: internal validity The researcher need to ensure that, if any research questions require addressing, this will be achieved by the end of the interview Validity is strengthened by: §Using interview techniques that build rapport and trust, thus giving informants the scope to express themselves §Prompting informants to illustrate and expend on their initial responses §Constructing interviewing schedules that contain questions drawn from literature and from pilot work with the respondents

Designing credible interviews: external validity The extend to which findings from a study can

Designing credible interviews: external validity The extend to which findings from a study can be generalized. §Try to select a sample that allows for a subject to be viewed from all relevant perspectives §Keep increasing the sample size until no new point of view are emerging from the data

Open question words: What? Where? Conducting the interview Who? When? § Use open-ended questions

Open question words: What? Where? Conducting the interview Who? When? § Use open-ended questions How? Why? * Avoid leading questions Probing * “Why? ” Limit the use of “WHY” questions in this type of work because it implies that there is a right answer Open Questions: Questions that allow the respondent to answer without presented or implied choices

Conducting the interview Use open-ended questions § Avoid leading questions Probing §Allow people to

Conducting the interview Use open-ended questions § Avoid leading questions Probing §Allow people to answer in their own terms voicing their own views, values and experiences. §Leading questions are phrased to suggest a particular answer or to imply that one answer is expected or more correct What fears do you have when… versus how do you feel when… How good was …versus how do you feel about……

The key to successful interviewing is learning how to probe effectively Conducting the interview

The key to successful interviewing is learning how to probe effectively Conducting the interview Use open-ended questions Avoid leading questions § Probing that is, to stimulate an informant to produce more information without injecting yourself so much into the interaction that you only get a reflection of yourself in the data

The key to successful interviewing is learning how to probe effectively that is, to

The key to successful interviewing is learning how to probe effectively that is, to stimulate an informant to produce more information without injecting yourself so much into the interaction that you only get a reflection of yourself in the data Conducting the interview Probing techniques explication Use open-ended questions What questions a stimulus without putting yourself in it Avoid leading questions silent probe just remain quiet and wait for informant to continue § Probing Echo probe repeat the last thing an informant said and ask them to continue The uh-huh probe encourage participant to continue with a narrative by making affirmative noises: “Uh-huh, ” “yes, I see, ” “right, uh-huh”

Conducting the interview §Do not begin interviewing right away §Listen and express interest in

Conducting the interview §Do not begin interviewing right away §Listen and express interest in what the informant tells you §Try to encourage informant to expand on their answers and give as many details as possible §Let informant’s answers determine the direction the interview takes §Use informant’s own language to ask new questions

To do Not to do Establish clearly what the interviewee thinks Do not give

To do Not to do Establish clearly what the interviewee thinks Do not give indication to the interviewee of your meanings and understandings of appear to judge their responses Provide a balance between open and close questions Do not ask leading questions or questions to which it is easy for interviewee to simply agree with all you say Listen carefully to all responses and follow up points that are not clear Do not rush on the next question before thinking about the last response If necessary, either to gain interviewer thinking time or for the clarity of Do not respond with a modified version of the response, but repeat the audio recording, repeat the response exactly what was said Give the interviewee plenty of time to respond Do not rush, but do not allow embarrassing silences Where interviewees express doubts or hesitate, probe them to share their thinking Avoid creating the impression that you would prefer some kind of answers rather then others Be sensitive to possible misunderstandings about questions and, is appropriate, repeat the question Do not make any assumption about the ways In which the interviewee might be thinking Be aware that the respondent may make self-contradictory statements Do not forget earlier responses in the interview Try to establish an informal atmosphere Do not interrogate the interviewee Be prepared to abandon the interview if it is not working Do not continue if the respondent appears agitated, angry or withdrawn