Interoperable Annotation Perspectives from the Open Annotation Collaboration

Interoperable Annotation: Perspectives from the Open Annotation Collaboration <http: //www. openannotation. org/> Robert Sanderson – rsanderson@lanl. gov azaroth 42@gmail. com Herbert Van de Sompel – herbertv@lanl. gov hvdsomp@gmail. com Digital Library Research and Prototyping Team Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA This research was funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Acknowledgements: Tim Cole, Bernhard Haslhofer, Jane Hunter, Ray Larson, Cliff Lynch, Michael Nelson, Doug Reside Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC

Overview • The Collaboration and Project • Interoperability: • Status • Basic Principles • Current Data Model • Protocol-less Approach • Demo • Summary Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 2

The Collaboration • Los Alamos National Labs (Data Modeling and Interoperability) • Herbert Van de Sompel (PI) • Robert Sanderson • University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign • Tim Cole (PI) • Allen Renear • Carole Palmer • Tom Habing • University of Queensland • Jane Hunter (PI) • Anna Gerber • Ron Chernich • University of Maryland • Neil Fraistat (PI) • Douglas Reside • George Mason University • Dan Cohen • Sean Takats Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 3

The Project • Aims • Facilitate a Web-centric interoperable annotation environment • Demonstrate the proposed environment for scholarly use-cases • Seed adoption by deployment of high-visibility production systems • Phase I • Exploration of Existing Systems, Requirements and Use Case analysis • Initial Interoperability Specification • Integration of AXE and Zotero • Mellon Foundation Funded • Alerted to possibility through JSTOR (unfunded partner) • 14 Months for Phase I • Hope to proceed to Phases II and III Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 4

Advisory Board • Members • Maristella Agosti (University of Padua) • Geoffrey Bilder (Cross. Ref) • John Bradley (King's College London) • Gregory Crane (Tufts University) • Paul Eggert (Australian Scholarly Editions Centre) • Julia Flanders (Brown University) • Cliff Lynch (Chair) (Coalition for Networked Information) • Cathy Marshall (Microsoft Research) • Martin Mueller (Northwestern University) • Geoffrey Rockwell (University of Alberta) • David Ruddy (Cornell University Library) • Joyce Rudinsky (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) • Mackenzie Smith (MIT Libraries) • Amanda Ward (Nature Publishing Group) • John Wilbanks (Science Commons) Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 5

Technical Group • Open List • Anyone can join and discuss • Discussions visible, not behind closed doors committee • http: //groups. google. com/group/oac-tech • Current Members: • Bruce D'Arcus • Anna Gerber • Tom Habing • Bernhard Haslhofer • Michael Nelson • Rob Sanderson • Ed Summers • Herbert Van de Sompel (University of Ohio) (University of Queensland) (UIUC) (University of Vienna) (Old Dominion University) (LANL) (Library of Congress) (LANL) • Please join, or have your techie join! Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 6

Interoperability: Status • Requirements and Use Cases • Gathered from scholars, mainly humanities • Gathered from scholarly literature • Initial Design • First part of Phase I, Thread I (LANL) • Discussed in f 2 f at UC Berkeley (Collaborators plus invited experts) • Feedback • Difficulty of defining what an 'annotation' actually is • Model too generic! • Risk of Everything being an Annotation • Reaction • We (Rob and Herbert) tend to agree We Want Your Feedback! Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 7

Interoperability: Basic Principles • Effort focuses on Interoperability to allow annotation sharing • This is what we were funded to do! • Many MANY non-interoperable annotation systems already • Existing interoperability mechanisms (eg Annotea) need updating • Interoperability approach is based on the Architecture of the Web • Communication is increasingly online • Resources of interest are increasingly online • Maximize chance of adoption by not being domain-centric • Semantic Web principles and Linked Data guidelines important • Entities within the model must be identified by HTTP URIs • … when possible • From Linked Data guidelines • Globally unique identifiers without central system overhead • Locator as well as Identifier: can retrieve representation Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 8

Current Data Model • Alpha Data Model • Not set in stone, please provide feedback! • Not published as a specification, just guidelines and 'current thinking' • Implemented as demonstrator, not production system • Informed by previous work and expert contributions • 4 th internal iteration of model • Guided by Requirements and Use Cases • Will build up in steps with appropriate justification • Conflicting requirements possible (e. g. simple yet powerful and flexible) • Helps to ensure adoption and understanding by minimizing unnecessary or unused features • Keeps specification authors in touch with real users and needs Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 9

Data Model: Step 1 Requirement: Users must be able to create an annotation with some content about a target resource Principle: An annotation is an event at a moment in time, initiated by an agent, with a source of content and a target. There is an implicit or explicit relationship between the source and target expressed by the annotation. Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 10

Step 1: Baseline Model The intuitive model is that we have a Source of Content (S-1), which annotates a Target resource (T-1). We add an Annotation node (A-1) that represents the annotation event. The Source of Content must have some relationship to the Target. By default, it should be somehow 'about' the Target for it to be considered an Annotation. Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 11

Step 1: Baseline Model As entities in the baseline model, both Content and Target are resources on the web. Thus they can be of any type, format, language (or not language at all), location, … http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=fgg 2 tp. UVb. XQ http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Hubble_ultra_deep_field. jpg Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 12

Step 1 b: Properties and Relationships Properties and relationships can now be attached to the Annotation. This diagram shows the other information from the initial use case: who created the annotation (U-1), when they created it (datetime) and the relationship (called a predicate, P-1) between Content and Target. Diagram Style Note: • Entities are circles • Values are ovals with data type • Relationships/Properties are named lines Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 13

Step 1 b: Properties and Relationships oac: annotates http: //public. lanl. go v/ rsanderson 2009 -12 -03 09: 30: 00 oac: annotates Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 14

Step 1 b: Properties and Relationships oac: annotates http: //public. lanl. gov/ rsanderson 2009 -12 -03 12: 06: 00 oac: annotates http: //twitter. com/azaroth 42/status/6312196800 Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 15

Data Model: Step 2 Requirement: The model must support systems which only support a userentered string as the content of the annotation. Principle: Annotations must allow for content and target of any media type and format. Fab 4 Client: http: //bodoni. lib. liv. ac. uk/fab 4/ (Extensive functionality, but only string content) Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 16

Step 2: String Content To allow for this common case, we can assign a unique non resolvable URI called a URN. This is an exception to the HTTP URIs for everything principle. (We will come back to this later) The text is captured in the oac: body property. We define a Note class which can be used with either a protocol or non protocol URI, as a hint to the client to not bother dereferencing the URI and instead look in oac: body. Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 17

Step 2: String Content urn: uuid: 1234 -567… "The Hubble Deep Field image is very impressive!" Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 18

Data Model: Step 3 Requirement: The model must enable the user to select a part of the resource as the target for their annotation, not just the entire resource. Pliny Client: http: //pliny. cch. kcl. ac. uk/ Flickr: http: //www. flickr. com/photos/raindog/75675947/ Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 19

Step 3: Segments of Resources W 3 C Media Fragment URIs allow us to create a URI that identifies a segment of a resource for common cases. e. g: http: //…/foo. jpg#xywh=160, 120, 320, 240 … identifies a 320 by 240 box, at 160, 120 in the image foo. jpg Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 20

Step 3: Segments of Resources http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Hubble_ultra_deep_field. jpg http: //twitter. com/azaroth 42/status/6312261983 http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Hubble_ultra_deep_field. jpg#xywh=400, 80, 100 Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 21

Data Model: Step 4 Requirement: It is important to be able to express non-rectangular regions of a resource for situations where a rectangle cannot unambiguously delineate the region of interest. Principle: Content and Target must be able to be arbitrary parts or segments of a resource. http: //dme. arcs. ac. at/image-annotation-frontend/ Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 22

Step 4: Complex Segments In this case, we use a Context node (C-1) with a Segment Description (SD-1). This can be of any format, and will be dependent on the properties of the Target. A description for a segment of an image might be an SVG path, an XPath for XML, a speaker in an audio track. Work exists on this topic for common cases, such as in MPEG-7. Segments of complex objects such as databases, datasets, or other nontraditional media will require more research. Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 23

Step 4: Complex Segments http: //twitter. com/azaroth 42/status/6312304007 SVG http: //annotation. lanl. gov/docs/0. 1/examples/4. svg Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 24

Data Model: Step 5 Requirement: The annotation should be able to have more than one target resource or segment, when the annotation concerns multiple resources or creates a relationship between resources. Principle: The model must support multiple contents and targets of annotation. Pseudo multiple targets in Adobe Acrobat Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 25

Step 5: Number of Targets This is modeled in a very predictable way. Note that the relationship from the Content applies to all of the Targets. Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 26

Step 5: Number of Targets oac: annotates Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 27

Step 5 b: Number of Content Sources Although somewhat exotic, multiple content sources also can be modeled. Use Cases: • Same comment expressed in different formats (txt, Math. ML) • Same comment expressed in different media (txt, mp 3) • Same comment later translated to different language, format, media, locations Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 28

Step 5 b: Number of Content Sources oac: annotates MP 3 oac: annotates Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 29

Data Model: Step 6 Requirement: The annotation should be robust across time with respect to changing resources, such that the annotation is applied correctly to the version of the resource which was originally annotated. This will prevent misinterpretation of the annotation and take steps towards the digital preservation of the resources involved as well as the annotation. Please also come to hear about Memento tomorrow morning! Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 30

Step 6: Robust Annotations in Time http: //news. bbc. co. uk/ http: //twitter. com/azaroth 42/status/6314856966 Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 31

Step 6: Robust Annotations in Time Solution 1: The created timestamp for the Annotation should be used as the date/time of the version of the content and target resources. Unless the version is specified explicitly. 2009 -12 -01 12: 00 But what about "Sad story yesterday …" sort of annotations? Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 32

Step 6: Robust Annotations in Time Solution 2: The Context node can record the timestamp of when the annotation applies to the target, if not at the creation time of the annotation. Storing other information such as digests is also possible. Solution 3: Annotate an appropriate archived copy of the resource (e. g. in Internet Archive), and relate it back to the original to enable appropriate discovery and rendering. Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 33

Data Model: Step 7 Requirement: A description of the annotation must be made available for dissemination in an interoperable method, following the Web Architecture and Linked Data guidelines. http: //code. google. com/apis/sidewiki/docs/2. 0/developers_guide_protocol. html http: //www. w 3. org/2001/Annotea/User/Protocol. html Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 34

Step 7: Annotation "Transcription" We follow the same conventions as Linked Data (and OAI-ORE) and introduce a 'transcription' of the annotation as a resource on the web. This can be retrieved using HTTP and includes all of the data and metadata concerning the annotation and other objects in the model. http: //annotation. lanl. gov/docs/0. 1/examples/7. rdf Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 35

Alpha Data Model Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 36

Background for Data Model Background Research: • Annotea • LEMO • Di. LAS • Fab 4 • Pliny • Google Side. Wiki • Flickr Annotations • Richard Newman's Tag Model • … plus 3 extensions • Common Tag Model • Henry Story's Tag Model • Many online web annotation systems We believe that our data model covers everything that we have seen as well as the requirements and use cases expressed. Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 37

Protocol-less Approach Existing systems are tightly coupled: • The client sends the annotation to the server to store • The server sends the annotation to clients on request Annotea is a REST protocol, Google Sidewiki uses ATOM plus extensions, most are proprietary. We believe this is a hindrance to interoperability … any protocol that ties servers and clients together is a hindrance to interoperability from the Linked Data perspective. We recommend no protocol, as opposed to not recommending a protocol. . . o O (This from key players in OAI-PMH and SRU… have they totally lost it? ? ) Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 38

Protocol-less Approach Existing systems are tightly coupled: • The client sends the annotation to the server to store • The server sends the annotation to clients on request Google Interface Annotea is a REST protocol, Google Sidewiki uses ATOM plus Google extensions, most are proprietary. Protocol Google Interface Google Protocol We believe this is a hindrance to interoperability … any protocol that ties servers and clients together is a hindrance to interoperability from the Linked Data perspective. Google Side. Wiki We recommend no protocol, as opposed to not recommending a protocol. Google Protocol Google Interface Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 39

Protocol-less Approach Existing systems are tightly coupled: Google • The. Google client sends the annotation to the server to store Mail • The Docs server sends the annotation to clients on request Google Interface Annotea is a REST protocol, Google Sidewiki uses ATOM plus Google extensions, most are proprietary. Protocol Google DNS Wave We believe this is a hindrance to interoperability … any protocol Google that ties servers and clients together is a hindrance to Side. Wiki interoperability from the Linked Data perspective. Google HTTPS Google Chromium We recommend no protocol, as opposed to not recommending Protocol OS a protocol. Google Droid Google Chrome Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Google Interface Slide: 40

Protocol-less Approach Breaking This Apart Promotes Interoperability: • The client sends the annotation somewhere to store (or multiple places) • The server retrieves the annotation • … using regular discovery/harvesting techniques (Pull) • … on demand from the client (Pull on demand) • … by being one of the places the client sends the annotation to (Push) • The server is just one service that can send the annotation to clients on request Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 41

Protocol-less Approach Breaking This Apart Promotes Interoperability: • The client sends the annotation somewhere to store (or multiple places) • The server retrieves the annotation • … using regular discovery/harvesting techniques (Pull) • … on demand from the client (Pull on demand) • … by being one of the places the client sends the annotation to (Push) Preferred Interface Harvester Blog Twitter Web Server • The server is just one service that can send the annotation to clients on request Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Preferred Interface Slide: 42

Protocol-less Approach Consequences: • Multiple servers, aggregators or other applications can access the annotation • The client can use whatever protocol is needed by the storage server(s) • Annotations are regular web resources by necessity • Access control is just like any other access control on the web • Services can be used to extend information in annotation • Add extra information for robustness over time • Add extra information for robustness of segment location • Text Mining, Data Mining services • Graph/Relationship Mining across other annotations • … • Servers can replace URNs with real URIs • Multiple servers can do this, and will deduplicate with original identifier • Use well known owl: same. As predicate for this Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 43

Demonstration! Let's See This Working! (Or at least a screen capture of it working, given the poor network here) Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 44

Demonstration! Let's See This Working! (Or at least a screen capture of it working, given the poor network here) Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 45

Summary Collaboration: • Up and working Data Model: • Alpha version ready for feedback: • Not a specification document • Covers use cases, requirements and previous work • Based on Linked Data and the Web Architecture • Protocol-less interactions between distributed servers and clients Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 46

Thank You Thank You! Questions? Pointers: • http: //www. openannotation. org/ • http: //groups. google. com/group/oac-tech • azaroth 42@gmail. com ; hvdsomp@gmail. com • This presentation being videoed, will be posted on CNI website • http: //www. slideshare. com/azaroth 42/oac-presentation-at-cni-09 -fall-forum • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n_7 rgs. QHu. HA Interoperable Annotation Rob Sanderson, Herbert Van de Sompel CNI Fall Task Force Meeting, Dec 14 -15, Washington DC Slide: 47