International Waterways How to work with this learning

International Waterways

How to work with this learning material • Power Point the following power point presents international waterways. The slides are described in the notes below and you can also find the link to the source if you need further information. • Reader In addition to the power point presentation, you can also use the reader provided on our platform. It’s more detailed and can be used as a script for your lessons. • Links You can also find the sources of our presentation and reader in the links section of the relevant bundled teaching material. • Videos There also different videos used as sources in this presentation. You can find these videos separately in the corresponding section of the relevant bundled teaching material. February 21 2

Warm-Up International Waterways Which country in the world has the most available navigable waterways? What are the factors influencing the competitiveness of inland navigation? February 21 3

Agenda Competitive factors of inland navigation Inland Waterways in Europe Inland Waterways in China Inland Waterways in Brazil Comparison February 21 4

Competitive factors of inland navigation Waterway Infrastructure = key factor for the competitiveness of inland navigation • Quality and reliability of waterway infrastructure • Fairway (depending on infrastructure - bridges, locks, …) • Ports as multimodal hubs • Maintenance of infrastructure • Weather conditions • Geographic location (topography and political/economic importance) February 21 Source: https: //pixabay. com/photo-1172271/ 5

Fairway Depth Infrastructure as competitive factor • Critical for transport on waterway • Possible freight volume depends on fairway depth • width and course of fairway are marked by internationally standardised fairway signs • Influencing cost-effectiveness of inland waterway transport February 21 6

Fairway Depth Infrastructure as competitive factor Different factors influence Fairway Depth: • under keel clearance = safety clearance to riverbed • squat ships sink when they are in motion, depends on cross sections • cross section of fairway (depth and width) base on minimal cross section • Maintenance February 21 7

Bridges Infrastructure as competitive factor • Can span a waterway or a lock facility (port entrance, river power plant) • Passage depends on • bridge clearance • highest fixed point of vessel (HNWL*) • water level fairway width (LNWL*) • distance between bridge pillars *HNWL = Highest navigable water level *LNWL = Lowest navigable water level February 21 8

Bridges Infrastructure as competitive factor • 130 bridges along the whole Danube • 42 bridges on the Austrian Danube • maximum 2 -3 layered container transport possible on the Danube source: viadonau • actually nearly no container transport on the Upper Danube (not profitable) • container transport mainly on the Rhine Influence on cost-effectiveness of inland waterway transport 9

Maintenance Infrastructure as competitive factor • Important for competitive waterway infrastructure • Waterways as living systems are influenced by constant changes • Riverbed surveying to guarantee minimum fairway parameters • Dredging works required • Establishing a „fairway maintenance cycle“ February 21 10

Ports Infrastructure as competitive factor Traffic hubs between transport modes multimodal logistic hubs • Tasks: • transshipment (various types, depending on type of cargo) • unloading, warehousing and loading • storage • Different types of storage depending on type of cargo (open, covered and special warehouses) • value-added logistics service Development trends • specialization of ports to specific transport sectors and types of cargo competitive advantages • green ports – increasing importance of sustainability • Packing, container stuffing and stripping, sanitation, quality checks February 21 11

Weather as a competitive factor High Water • Caused by high precipitation, snow melt (winter floods) • Consequences: High influence on inland waterway transport! Low Water • Caused by low precipitation, high temperatures • Consequences: • suspension of navigation • cargo-carrying capacity • delays • duration of transport • damage of infrastructure (e. g. vessels, • fuel consumption of vessel ports, locks) • modification of inland waterways and bank morphology • flooding of areas • May account for a longer period • Main impact on waterway infrastructure • May account for a few days February 21 12

Weather Low influence on inland waterway transport! as a competitive factor Ice Thick ice Mainly waterways with low flow velocities and canalized sections are affected Consequences: • infrastructure can be damaged • locks cannot operate • vessels cannot proceed (suspension for weeks possible) February 21 Wind Visibility Mainly locally Effect depending on vessel type and transported cargo caused by fog, rainfall, haze, snowfall or other navigation by radar necessary Consequences: • interruption of transport • reduced manoeuvrability • collisions with waterway infrastructure Consequences: • delays caused by interruption of transport and speed reduction • collisions with waterway infrastructure 13

Geographic location and political importance Infrastructure as competitive factor • Navigable waterways: • Asia (China, Russia, Vietnam), North-America (USA) and South-America (Brazil) have most available waterways • France, Finland Germany (Europe) have most available waterways • Greece, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg (Europe) have least available waterways • Political importance • Aim of European Commission: promote and strengthen inland waterways as ecofriendly transport system • China: high economical contribution • Brazil: waterway management is inefficient • Transport policies of countries • Europe: 26 billion € infrastructure budget • China: highest amount spent on infrastructure ( 8. 5 % of GDP) • Brazil: investments in waterways have a low priority February 21 14

Agenda Competitive factors of inland navigation Inland Waterways in Europe Inland Waterways in China Inland Waterways in Brazil Comparison February 21 15

Market overview Inland navigation in Europe Transported goods (2014) • 551 million tons of cargo transported in total on European inland waterways (2014) • Netherlands: inland navigation with around 46. 6 % (2014) largest modal split share • Rhine-Main-Danube-Corridor metal ores 6% 4% 4% 24% coal & crude petroleum 9% 11% 16% 12% 14% most important inland waterway axis on the European mainland coke & refined petroleum products of agricultre source: Eurostat (2015) chemicals, rubber & plastic, nuclear fuel basic metals; fabricated metal products food products, beverages & tobacco secondary raw materials & wastes other * Total length of navigable rivers, canals and other bodies of water 16

European Waterways Inland navigation in Europe E Waterway network • 1996: European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International • • Importance (AGN) Consistent of European inland waterways and coastal routes and ports Important for international freight transport Designation: letter „E“ followed by a number/combination of numbers (main inland waterways: two-digit numbers; branches: four- or six-digit number for branches of branches) Example: Danube= E 80 and its navigable tributary the river Sava (Croatia) = E 80 -12 February 21 17

Classification of European Waterways Inland Navigation in European waterways are identified by Roman numbers (I – VII) • Waterways of class IV or higher important for international freight transport • Classes below have regional/national importance • Class is determined by maximum dimensions of the vessels on waterway factors: width and length of inland vessels and convoys February 21 18

Inland navigation in Europe Available inland waterways: • 40, 000 km 20, 000 km navigable for ≥ 1, 000 ton vessels • 18 out of 27 EU Member States have access to navigable waterways Top 3 in Europe: Available waterways h 1. France (8, 501 km*) 2. Finland (8, 000 km*) 3. Germany (7, 467 km*) Austria (358 km *) on 26 th place Freight transport on inland waterways (% of total tkm) 1. Netherlands: 46. 6 % 2. Romania: 29 % 3. Bulgaria: 26. 9 % Austria: 3. 5 % 5. Germany, 11. France, 12. Finland * Total length of navigable rivers, canals and other bodies of water 19

Main traffic routes Inland navigation in Europe Route Transported volume Type of transport Share of total transport performance* Rhine route > 200 million tons International 68 % North-south route (France, Belgium & Netherlands) 50 – 200 million tons International 16 % East-west route in Germany 10 -50 million tons national 2% Main. Danube route Less than 10 million tons interregional and international 14 % (Danube) *source: NEA (2007) February 21 Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/europa-karte-western-politischen-32847/c Main-Danube route North-South route Rhine Route East- West route (DE) 20

2/3 of all goods transported on inland waterways in Europe pass through the Rhine Route Inland navigation in Europe • Length: 1, 320 km – navigable: 885 km • Transported volume: 300 million tons Transported goods (2014) • Average transport distance: 300 km solid mineral fuels • Important markets: • containers • weight-intensive goods • chemicals petroleum products ores 15% 8% sands, stones & building materials chemicals • Ports: 11% Importance Traffic (t/year) Number Major maritime ports < 50 Mio 3 Port of major traffic > 5 Mio 9 Port of important traffic 1 -5 Mio 6 February 21 17% 23% 13% source: CCNR (2014) containers others 21

Danube Route Inland navigation in Europe • Length: 2, 860 km (all navigable) • Transported volume: 43 million tons Transported goods (2014) • Average transport distance: 600 km • Important markets: • iron and ferrous ores 10% petroleum products 26% 9% • Ports: 9% Importance Traffic (t/year) Number Major maritime ports < 50 Mio 3 Port of major traffic > 5 Mio 3 Port of important traffic 1 -5 Mio 8 February 21 ores and metal wastes agricultural products fertilizers 10% 18% source: Statistik Austria and via donau (2014) metals and metal products sands, stones & building materials others 22

Rhine-Main-Danube Corridor Inland navigation in Europe • Length: 3, 500 kilometres • Route: Port of Rotterdam (NL) to Port of Constanta (RO) • Connecting 15 countries • Rhine vs. Danube: • Transported volume: 6. 9 times more goods were transported on Rhine • Length: Danube is 2. 7 times longer than Rhine Different infrastructural preconditions • limited ramification of Danube waterway • bridges – 130 bridges span international • density of population and economic activity at Rhine February 21 23

Biggest ports in Europe Inland navigation in Europe Maritime ports Weight of goods handled (in million tons, 2014) Inland ports Weight of goods handled (in million tons) Rotterdam (Netherlands) 421. 6 Duisport (Germany) 131 (2014) Antwerp (Belgium) 180. 4 Liège (Belgium) 13. 5 (2014) Hamburg (Germany) 126 Waterford (Ireland) 1. 58 (2015) Amsterdam (Netherlands) 97. 1 Algeciras (Spain) 75. 6 sources: diverse Marseille (France) 74. 4 source: Eurostat (2016) February 21 24

Port of Rotterdam Inland navigation in Europe • Biggest maritime port in Europe • Annual throughput: 465 million tons Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/kran-hafen-rotterdam -wasser-netz-378814// • Throughput TEUs* 2015: > 12 million • Port area: 12, 500 ha (land water) – 6, 000 ha business sites • 30, 000 seagoing vessels and 110, 000 inland vessels per year Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/berge-stahl-hafenrotterdam-schiff-906624/ *TEU = Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit. TEU is the measurement used for containerised goods and is equivalent to a container with the standard dimensions of 20 feet x 8. 5 feet (around 33 m³). February 21 25

Duisport Inland navigation in Europe • Largest trimodal inland hub in Europe accessible by water, rail and road • Turnover: 3 billion €/year • Industry and logistics area: 14 million m² • Goods handled 2014: Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/hafen-industrie-schiffwasser-770732/ • 131 million tons • 3. 4 million TEUs* • 20, 000 ships and trains passing port • Connection to 80 destinations in Europe and Asia • Different provided services Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/duisburgschwerindustrie-234308/ *TEU = Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit. TEU is the measurement used for containerised goods and is equivalent to a container with the standard dimensions of 20 feet x 8. 5 feet (around 33 m³). February 21 26

Agenda Competitive factors of inland navigation Inland Waterways in Europe Inland Waterways in China Inland Waterways in Brazil Comparison February 21 27

Overview Inland navigation in China • Largest network of inland waterways • navigable length: 123, 495 km • consists of over 5, 000 rivers • 1, 180 million tons of cargo transported (2007) • 2, 000 inland ports • Geographic differences • South: larger rivers, fairway conditions are stable, ice-free all year • North: smaller rivers, fairway conditions aren‘t stable, ice in winter • Highest container transhipment compared to ports at global level * Total length of navigable rivers, canals and other bodies of water February 21 28

Freight transport Inland navigation in China 79 % of Chinas inland waterway transport volume of cargo transported on three waterways River Yangtze River Volume (million tons) 534 Average transport distance (km) 378 Grand Canal* 283 254 Pear River 209 162 Transported goods on waterways in China (2006) coal & coke 6% 7% 9% oil & oil products 17% 8% metallic & non metalic ores building materials 34% 19% source: World Bank (2006) steel containers others Source: Ministry of Communication (2008) * Waterway from Hangzhou to Beijing February 21 29

Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/fluss-schlucht-felsschlucht-canyon -1028335/ Yangtze River Inland navigation in China • „Golden Waterway“ • Route: Himalaya – Shanghai • Length: 6, 300 km (3 rd longest and Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/nu-gro%C 3%9 Feansicht-yns-der-jangtse-888616/ largest river in the world) • 3, 000 km are navigable • main connection between rail, road and high-sea • Share of Chinas‘ GDP (gross domestic product) generated by Yangtze River = 35 % • 80% of all cargo shipping related to Yangtze Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/fluss-schluchtfelsschlucht-canyon-1028338/ Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/duisburgschwerindustrie-234308/ • Iron ore, crude oil and coal • Important infrastructure • Ports: Chongqing, Wuhan, Shanghai, Nanjing • Three Gorges Dam February 21 30

Port of Chongqing Inland navigation in China • 3 million TEU passing through (annually) • Handled cargo • 1. 1 billion ton (2012) • +50% (2006 -2012) • Annual growth rate of waterways: +16. 8% • Multimodal infrastructure (rail, road, air, waterway) • Investment in infrastructure: 150 billion € by 2020 • 90% of export products manufactured in Chongqing transport via Yangtze River • Contribution of transports & logistics to Chongqing's GDP : 13. 6% (2012) February 21 31

Three Gorges Dam Inland navigation in China • Aim: to control floods on the Yangtze River • Length: 2. 3 km, Height: 200 meters • Three Gorges refers to flooded gorges Xiling, Wu & Qutang • 26 hydropower turbines (total performance: 18. 2 million kilowatts ) • double-way, five-step ship locks • transit time: 4 hours • one-stage vertical ship-lift Source: CC BY-SA 3. 0, https: //commons. wikimedia. org/w/index. php? curid=206093 February 21 32

Agenda Competitive factors of inland navigation Inland Waterways in Europe Inland Waterways in China Inland Waterways in Brazil Comparison February 21 33

Overview Inland navigation in Brazil • Available waterways • South America: 33, 000 -54, 000 km* • Brazil: 50, 000 km* • Broad river system covering almost all territorial extensions low transport costs of transport on short transport distances • Only 22 % of inland waterways are used • main rivers are not located at centers of production and consumption • few investments in infrastructure • Low contribution to Brazilian economy • mostly agricultural and mineral goods are transported • cargo transport mainly performed by truck * Total length of navigable rivers, canals and other bodies of water February 21 34

Freight transport Inland navigation in Brazil • 45 million tons/year (potential 180 million tons/year) • Main traffic routes: • Amazonas • Sao Francisco • Tocantins-Araguaia • Ports participating in 90% of country‘s global trade (2010) Transported goods (2010) soya 14% containers 5% sulfur, soils & stones, plaster and lime 5% 6% 18% handled in ports (2012) February 21 organic chemicals fossils & fuels 9% plants & horticultural products 12% • 900 million tons of cargo iron ore 19% 12% source: ANTAQ (2010) corn others 35

Amazon Inland navigation in Brazil • Longest river in the world (6, 280 km) • Route: from Peru, through Brazil to Atlantic Ocean Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/amazonas-wasser-blauer-himmel-36158/ • Tropical rain forest at Amazon basin • Thefts • $ 27 million lost in Amazonas region (2015) • theft of vessels or attacks • hiding in rain forest February 21 Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/amazonas -wasser-blauer-himmel-36148/ 36

Port of Manaus Inland navigation in Brazil • Main transport hub for upper Amazon Basin • Cargo volume: 11. 8 million tons/year (2007) • Total trade volume: 4. 92 billion US$ (2007) • 492, 000 TEU handled in 2014 (+ 24. 6% compared to 2013) • Main cargos: • loading: fruit, seeds, machinery, wood, fuels • unloading: machinery and electrical goods, vehicles, chemicals, plastics • Tax benefits Source: By ellelala - Flickr, CC BY-SA 2. 0, https: //commons. wikimedia. org/w/index. php? curid=22570841/ February 21 37

Agenda Competitive factors of inland navigation Inland Waterways in Europe Inland Waterways in China Inland Waterways in Brazil Comparison February 21 38

Comparison Europe China Brazil Available waterways 40, 000 km 123, 495 km 50, 000 km Important waterway in region Rhine-Main. Danube Corridor Yangtze-River Amazon Transported volume on waterways in total 551 million tons 1, 180 million tons 45 million tons Transported goods dry & bulk cargo, construction material mainly agricultural and mineral goods Important inland ports in region Duisport Chongqing Manaus Volume handled in ports 131 million tons 1. 1 billion tons 11. 8 million tons High Low Importance of inland High navigation in region (political/economical) February 21 39

Modal Split Comparison Definition: share of different transport modes out of the total freight traffic Modal Split in China (2012) Modal Split in Europe (2013) Modal Split in Brazil (2008)* road 7% road 18% 24% rail 75% inland navigation source: Eurostat rail 51% 25% road 14% inland navigation source: CSY (2013) rail 22% 60% inland navigation source: world bank (2010) * Pipeline and Air 4 % February 21 40

Comparison Length of available waterways Transported volume on waterways China x 20 Europe Brazil China Picture Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/erde-blauer-planet-erdkugel-planet-11015/ Volume handled in ports Europe x 10 Brazil Europe X 63 X 700 Brazil China X 5, 882 Picture Source: https: //pixabay. com/de/container-schiff-boot-verkehr-158362/ February 21 41

Conclusion Competitive factors of inland navigation • Infrastructure main competitive factor for inland navigation • navigable waterways • fairway, bridges and ports • maintenance • Factors influencing Infrastructure • political/economic framework • topography • weather • proximity to urban centres February 21 42

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