International Trade Prentice Hall 2003 1 Chapter Preview

International Trade Prentice Hall 2003 1

Chapter Preview • Discuss the volume and patterns of world trade • Identify the inherent flaws of mercantilism • Explain the absolute and comparative advantage theories • Describe the factor proportions and international product life cycle theories • Explain the new trade and national competitive advantage theories © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 2

International Trade Purchase, sale or exchange of goods and services across national borders - People have larger selection of products - Important engine for job creation © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 3

Trade and World Output World trade - 80% merchandise - 20% services World output impacts trade - Growing output = growing trade - Sluggish output = sluggish trade World trade grows faster than world output © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 4

Trade Patterns Merchandise trade among: - Low- and middle-income nations 6% - High-income and low- and middle-income - nations 34% High-income nations 60% Western European trade is mostly intra-regional trade North America imports twice as much from Asia as it exports to Asia © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 5

Trade and the Dependent Nation Potential effects of dependence: - Infuses needed capital Creates jobs and raises wages Imports technology and skills Economic problems transferred Political turmoil can spill over © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 6

Mercantilism Nations accumulate financial wealth by encouraging exports and discouraging imports Three pillars - Maintain trade surplus Government intervention Exploit colonies Inherent flaws - World trade is zero-sum game Constrains output and consumption Limits colonies’ market potential © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 7

Absolute Advantage Ability of a nation to produce a good more efficiently than any other nation (greater output using same or fewer resources) Riceland 1 resource unit = 1 ton rice or 1/5 ton tea Tealand 1 resource unit = 1/6 ton rice or 1/3 ton tea Specialization and trade allows each to produce and consume more © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 8

Comparative Advantage Inability of a nation to produce a good more efficiently than other nations, but an ability to produce that good more efficiently than it does any other good Riceland 1 resource unit = 1 ton rice or 1/2 ton tea Tealand 1 resource unit = 1/6 ton rice or 1/3 ton tea Specialization and trade allows each to produce and consume more © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 9

Assumptions and Limitations 1. Nations strive only to maximize production and consumption 2. Only two countries produce and consume just two goods 3. No transportation costs of trading goods 4. Labor is the only resource used to produce goods 5. Ignores efficiency and improvement gains from producing just one good © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 10

Factor Proportions Theory Countries produce and export goods that require resources (factors) in abundance, and import goods that require resources in short supply Two factor types - Labor - Land Capital © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 11

Leontief Paradox Research discovered evidence opposite the prediction of factor proportions theory - US exports are more labor-intensive than US imports Possible explanation - Theory assumes nation’s production factors to be homogeneous - Theory is better predictor when expenditures on labor are considered © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 12

International Product Life Cycle A company begins by exporting its product and later undertakes foreign direct investment as a product moves through its life cycle © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 13

New Trade Theory Fundamentals - Gains from specialization and increasing - economies of scale Companies first to market create barriers to entry Government may help by assisting home companies First-mover advantage - Economic and strategic advantage of being first to - enter an industry May create a formidable barrier to market entry for potential rivals © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 14

National Competitive Advantage Nation’s competitiveness in an industry depends on the industry’s capacity to innovate and upgrade, which in turn depends on four main determinants (plus government and chance) - Factor conditions Demand conditions Related and supporting industries Firm strategy, structure and rivalry © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 15

Factor Conditions Basic factors - Nation’s resources (large workforce, natural resources, climate and surface features) Advanced factors - Result of investing in education and innovation (skill of workforce segments, technological infrastructure) Basic factors can spark initial production, but advanced factors account for sustained competitive advantage © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 16

Demand Conditions Sophisticated home-market buyers drive companies to improve existing products and develop entirely new products and technologies This should improve the competitiveness of the entire group of companies in a market © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 17

Related and Supporting Industries Companies in an internationally competitive industry do not exist in isolation Supporting industries form “clusters” of economic activity in the geographic area Each industry reinforces the competitiveness of every other industry in the cluster © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 18

Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry • Highly skilled managers are essential because strategy has lasting effects on firm competitiveness • Domestic industry whose structure and rivalry create an intense struggle to survive, strengthens its competitiveness © Prentice Hall, 2006 International Business 3 e 19