International Environmental Policy NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF PHILIPPINES

International Environmental Policy NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: PHILIPPINES HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079 -565 -7406

Philippines snapshot Local Tribes Spain ~ 15 th century 15 th-19 th century US 19 th-20 th century Independent Nation 21 st century The Philippines is an archipelago that consist 7, 107 islands with a total land area of 300, 000 square kilometers (115, 831 sq mi). The 11 largest islands contain 94% of the total land area. Small Islands • Fragile and vulnerable to disasters • Dependence on ocean for food • Climate change and sea level raise

Major Environmental Issues �Illegal logging �Air pollution �Water pollution �Diminishing mangrove swamps �Depletion of water resources �Destruction of coral reefs �Diminishing natural habitat and biodiversity loss

Other influencing factors �Location of Philippines: Typhoon belt – 5 -6 typhoons every year Ring of Fire – earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions

Forest Management • Philippine forest at 7. 2 M ha or 24% of country’s land area • 8 M ha of forestlands degraded (26% of land area) • Total log ban in natural forests to conserve & protect (E. O. 23) • Created National Anti-Illegal Logging Task Force

Clean Air Situation – Major urban centers are polluted • Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) in Metro Manila is 166 micrograms/normal cubic meters (μg/Ncm) in 1 st half of 2010 ü 84% beyond standard of 90 μg/Ncm (WHO) ü Other polluted cities: San Fernando, Calapan, Cebu, Zamboanga, Davao

Clean Air • 80% of pollution due to vehicular emissions • According to the World Bank, 18 million Filipinos exposed to air pollution, with health cost & loss of income of P 7. 6 B/year

Clean Air Government Actions: • Strengthened enforcement & regulations ü More stringent air emission standards for Compression & Spark-Ignition Engines (motorcycles & tricycles) ü Agreement with Earth Day Network to make EDSA “Linis Hangin Zone. ” (cellphone to catch smoke-belchers)

Clean Air Government Actions: • Strengthened enforcement of regulations ü DENR, LTO, MMDA, etc. worked to reduce traffic & ensure compliance with emission testing to reduce vehicular emissions

Clean Air Government Actions: • Strengthened enforcement of regulations ü Developed program with ADB to provide credit for conversion of tricycle engines to electric

Clean Air Government Actions: • As of June 2011, pollution reduced by 32% from 166 to 113 μg/Ncm. TSp level (ug/Ncm) Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) Level 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 166 133. 5 Actual 113 Standard 90 1 st Sem 2010 2 nd Sem 2010 1 st Sem 2011

Clean Water Situation – Waterways/esteros in major urban centers unfit for human activity • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), or demand for oxygen in water, for 19 major rivers in 2010 at 27 milligrams/liter, 4 x the standard at 7 mg/L

Clean Water Pasig River, Manila The Pasig River connects Laguna de Bay to Manila Bay. Stretching for 25 kilometres, it is lined by Metro Manila on both sides. The Pasig River used to be an important transport route in Spanish Manila. Due to negligence and industrial development, the river has become very polluted and is considered dead (unable to sustain life) by ecologists. Reasons for Pasig River being “dead”: • • • Negligence Industrialization Municipal wastes Sewage and run-off Deforestation and soil erosion

Clean Water Government Actions: Initiated “Adopt an Estero Program” Before Estero de Paco, Manila (ABS-CBN Foundation) After

Clean Water Government Actions: Adopt an Estero Program Before Estero de Paco, Manila After

Clean Water Government Actions: Adopt an Estero Program Before Estero de Paco, Manila After

Clean Water Government Actions : Adopt an Estero Program 226 Major companies have adopted waterways nationwide (Examples: Jollibee, San Miguel Foundation, Toyota, Masinloc Power Corp. )

Clean Water Government Actions: • Reduced solid wastes ü Required Philippine Plastic Industry to develop program for retrieval/collection/ recycling of plastics ü Launched “Reusable Bag Campaign for Greener Environment” with major malls & supermarkets

Clean Water Government Actions: • Reduced solid wastes ü Agreement with 11 Metro Manila LGUs for solid waste management systems in subdivisions/ condominiums. Initially, 4, 717 homeowners associations identified

Geohazards Situation: • Philippines is prone to natural disasters due to geographical location & geological attributes: landslides, flooding, earthquakes, tsunami, etc.

Geohazards – Disaster Risks Forest Fires Climate Change Typhoons Flooding Volcanos Landslides Earthquakes Tsunamis Global Warming Sea Level Raise …

Geohazards – Disaster Risks Man-made Disaster Risks Population growth Loss of agricultural lands Deforestation Soil Erosion Air/Water Pollution Waste Disposal Loss of Coral Reefs Coastal management Overfishing Mangroves distruction

Geohazards Government Actions: • Completed geo-hazard mapping cities/municipalities at 1: 50, 000 scale of all provinces/ • Distributed 65, 000 map sheets to all LGUs • More detailed mapping started for 88 landslide-prone cities/municipalities (scale of 1: 10, 000) • Conducted coastal geohazard assessment of 46 coastal municipalities

Agenda 21 1992 Philippines Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD) Earth Summit Document: Agenda 21 Philippines Agenda 21 All government agencies to realign policies towards sustainable development

Environmental Protection �Philippines has signed a number of multilateral environmental agreements: Climate Change Biodiversity Endangered Species Hazardous Wastes Law of the Sea Marine Dumping Nuclear Test Ban Ozone Layer Protection Tropical Timber Agreement

Government Agencies 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Department of Health (Do. H) Philippines Sustainable Development Network Foundation Environmental Management Bureau Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau

Non-Governmental Organizations �Ecological Society of the Philippines �Foundation for the Philippines Environment �Fund for Nature of the Philippines �Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources Inc. �NGOs for Integrated Protected Areas “NGOs”? These are non-profit organizations composed of individuals whose aim is to render their expertise and help different sectors of the society

Non-Governmental Organizations �Pambansang Kilusan ng mga Samahang Magsasaka (PAKISAMA) �Philippines Institute of Alternative Futures (PIAF) �Foundation for Sustainable Society (FSS) �Foundation for the Philippines Environment (FPE) �Biodiversity Conservation Network (BCN) Besides NGOs, a number of “People’s Organizations” (composed of local and indigenous groups who are directly affect by an issue) also work on environmental issues

Environment Framework SECTION 16 ARTICLE II, 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION “The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. ”

Philippine Development Plan: 2011 -2016 1. Improved conservation, protection and rehabilitation of natural resources 2. Improved environmental quality for a cleaner and healthier environment 3. Enhanced resilience of natural systems and improved adaptive capacities of human communities to cope with environmental hazards including climate related risks

Current Challenges �Clear public demand for development �Clear public concerns with environment �Highly sectoralized development and environmental policies �Unclear policy prescriptions on linking population, environment, and development �Unclear policy on prioritizing national interests on environment and development

DENR Policy Framework Sectoral policies (Forestry, water, wsate, air etc. ) Ecosystem Approach (Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural Supporting)

DENR Policy Framework

Missing Elements? ! Informal Economic Enterprises Low Income Households Environmental Policy Corruption and Fraud Poverty and lifestyle choices Low Awareness and differing priorities Access to financial resources

Contact me … Class website: http: //www. gdrc. info/iep Prof. Hari Srinivas Room: I-312 Tel: 079 -565 -7406 Email: hari. srinivas@kwansei. ac. jp