International Environmental Policy NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF NIGERIA

International Environmental Policy NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: NIGERIA HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079 -565 -7406

Locationof Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

Basic statistics �Nigeria has the 7 th largest population in the world and the highest in Africa ( = Japan is 10 th largest) �GDP – US$1 for Nigeria is US$20 for Japan Oil and oil products are the main exports of the country. Nigeria’s GDP India is the second largest trade partner (exports and imports) of Nigeria, after the US.

A Quick Look at Nigeria’s History � British influence and control over what would become Nigeria and Africa's most populous country grew through the 19 th century. � A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy; independence came in 1960. � Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed. � The government continues to face the daunting task of reforming a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy. � In addition, Nigeria continues to experience longstanding ethnic and religious tensions. � Although both the 2003 and 2007 presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence. � The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history.

Historical trends and Conflicts ~ 1890 s 1890 -1990 s ~ Pre. Colonization Period (British) Post Independence Period Tribal Conflicts Civil wars/conflicts Religious conflicts Ancient kingdoms and tribal lands – minimal impact on the environment Exploitation of mineral resources by British – no benefit for local people Exploitation by multinational companies – corruption, poverty and unbalanced growth

The Ripple Effect Conflict between North and South Nigeria Conflict destroys local environment Refugees and displaced persons basic needs met from local environment Instability and conflict leading to low priority for environmental issues

Causes of Environmental Problems • • Lack of investment Lack of skills and jobs Lack of finance Corruption Lack of water supply Lack of sanitation Poor health Usual problems of developing countries Oil Industry Environmental consequences and impacts

Types of Pollution: AIR Main causes of air pollution include: �Gaseous discharge from industries �Indiscriminate and open burning of waste �Bush burning �Gas flaring �Indoor cooking �Emissions from generators �Mining activities

Types of Pollution: WATER Main causes of water pollution include: �Untreated or partially treated industrial waste water �Municipal sewage �Agricultural run-off (perticide, fertilizer etc. ) �Indiscriminate dumping of waste �Acid deposition �Discharge from waste dumpsite �Saline intruusion (mixing of Seawater)

Types of pollution: LAND Main causes of land pollution include: �Indiscriminate dumping of industrial, municipal and hazardous wastes �Industrial effluents and household sewage �Tailing from mining industries (earth that is moved when metals and other minerals are mined)

Industry sector Pollution �Petroleum and Petrochemicals - air, water �Mining - tailings, water �Iron and Steel - Water, air, solid wastes �Textiles - waste water, solid wastes, air �Food and beverages organic wastes

Highest Export Earner Oil Industry Oil spills and accidents TECHNOLOGY DIMENSION Oil sabotage SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENSION Oil processing ECONOMIC DIMENSION ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSION Oil Industry: The Good and Bad

Industrial Wastes Lack of expertise to reduce pollution Lack of technology to reduce pollution Industrial wastes High cost of reducing pollution reduction 80% discharge directly into the open Existing waste treatment facilities are poorly maintained Dumpsites are not maintained in a environmentally friendly manner

Oil and Environment Links - 1 OIL SPILLS Land contamination Water and Groundwater Pollution Poor Water Supply for households

Oil and Environment Links - 2 OIL FIRES AND ACCIDENTS Risk to Human Lives CO 2 and GHG Emissions Poor Human and Community Health

Oil and Environment Links - 3 OIL EXPLORATION Cutting of Forests Soil Erosion and Flood disasters Increased CO 2 Emissions and Climate Change

Unbalanced Wealth ? !! Largest producer of oil in Africa; 95% of national export is oil 50% of people below the poverty line (earning US$2 per day); poor education and health; most survive on agriculture jobs

Framework for Environmental Management �Nigerian Constitution �National Policy on Environment �Act 42 of 1988 on Trade in Toxic Wastes �Regulations on wastewater from Industries �Regulations on Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes �Environmental Impact Assessment Institutional Framework • Federal Ministry of Environment(National level) • Departments of Environment (State Level) • Other agencies related to oil spills etc.

Some Key Policy Problems �Institutional constraints �Enforcement and monitoring �Regulations �Capacities - Financial, Personnel, Technical �Data and Information �Industrial and Economic policies

The Real Policy Dilemma Very Good Policy Mmm … ? !! Very Poor Implementation • Conflicting priorities and lack of integration • Poor governance and corruption • Lack of expertise and finance • Poverty and special needs of the poor

Putting the pieces together … Mmm … ? !! The resources for a good, rich country are available in Nigeria The country needs good governance and strong leadership to put the resources together

Environmental Business Opportunity Transnational Oil Companies - Shell - Total - Exxon. Mobil - Chevron - Agip • Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) • Environmental Reporting • Environmental Management Systems (ISO 14001) • Civil Society Partnerships Strong leadership by companies in environmental management?

Future Trends: Environmental Policies Energy Policies Trade Policies Environmental Policies Poverty Reduction Policies Gender Policies Agricultural Policies Urbanization Policies

Future Trends: Environmental Policies �Tradable Commodities of/for the environment – for example emissions trading �Stock Exchange – exchange of industrial wastes for reuse and recycling �Concession – investment in environmental issues may become tax-free, or

Developmental Benefits Social benefits (improved quality of life) Good Environmental Policy Environmental Benefits Economic Benefits (Jobs/income, Tourism etc. ) Cultural Benefits (“Pride of Place”)

Contact me … Class website: http: //www. gdrc. info/iep Prof. Hari Srinivas Room: I-312 Tel: 079 -565 -7406 Email: hari. srinivas@kwansei. ac. jp