International Environmental Policy NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF INDONESIA

International Environmental Policy NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: INDONESIA HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079 -565 -7406

Indonesia: Geography �Indonesia is located in the tropical belt, is the largest and widest archipelago country in the world, consist of 17, 508 big and small islands, there are 5 big islands : Sumatera, Java, Borneo, Celebes and West Irian �There are two season in Indonesia , May to October is dry season and October to April is rainy season �Second world’s longest coast line (81. 000 km)

Map of Indonesia

Demographic Picture of Indonesia �Based on demography survey in 2000, the total population was 206 million, representing the fourth largest country in the world �Population growth rate was 1. 49 percent. �Estimate population in 2010 was 250 million.

Environmental Problems Over-exploitation of Natural Resources and Environment in the last 3 decades Negative impacts on the environmental quality and long term sustainability 5

Environmental Problems Rice, pulp and paper, and palm oil are among other key trade commodities, not only for Indonesia, but for most of countries in the ASEAN region ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS • • • Increase in Land Conversion (land use shifting) Decrease chemical fertilizer/pesticides use Haze pollution Marine pollution Lost of biodiversity

Environmental Problems 1 (UN, 2000) �Deficient urban infrastructure water supply and sanitation, waste management �Deforestation and biodiversity loss average deforestation rate 1. 8 per cent �Degradation of the marine environment rapid coastal population growth (103 % increase 1980 -2000) overfishing, water pollution, aquaculture

Environmental Problems �Forest fires clearing land by fire significant transboundary air pollution problems �Atmospheric pollution urban air pollution �Land degradation soil erosion (water erosion) and contamination 2

Indonesia - Climate Change Impacts �Deforestation rate (2000 – 2005) -> 2. 8 Million Ha/year & Forest fire (West Borneo in 2006) -> loss of $91 Million �Flood (February 2007) result in $8 Billion loss �Landslide -> $80 Million per year �Human health : Dengue, Malaria, Diarrhea �Rise of Sea Level �Droughts result in loss of $8. 6 Million

Indonesia - Climate Change Impacts Sea Level Rise Ocean Warming Increased Temperature Increased Rainfall Increased Evaporation Increased Tropical Storms Disappearing Small Islands Salt Water Intrusion Decline in Fisheries Harvest Loss of Biodiversity Increased Fire Risk Increased Disease Risk, Range Floods and Land Slides Changes in Planting Season Drought, Food Security Transport Vulnerability Food and Water Scarcity

Water Availability � The availability of water is very dependent on the climate, due to the limited supply of water (only covers about 37% of urban population and 8% of rural population) � This causes people and industries to use deep groundwater resources � Such exploitation results in land subsidence and droughts

Disappearing Islands! �The disappearing of small Island -> within 2005 – 2007, 24 small islands disappear, the location: 3 island in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) 3 island in Papua 5 island in Riau 2 island in west sumatera 7 island in the coastal area of Jakarta (source: Ministry of Oceanary & Fishery)

Sources of Green House Gases Transportation Industry Forestry Agriculture

Sources of Non-Fossil Fuel Energy Resources Equivalent Value Existing Utilization Hydro 845. 00 juta BOE 75. 67 GW 4. 2 GW Geothermal 219. 00 juta BOE 27. 00 GW 0. 8 GW Mini/Micro Hydro 0. 45 GW 0. 084 GW Biomass 49. 81 GW 0. 3 GW Solar - 4. 80 k. Wh/m 2/day 0. 008 GW Wind 9. 29 GW 0. 0005 GW 24. 112 ton* e. q. 3 GW for 11 years - - Types Uranium * Resources only exist in Kalan region – West Kalimantan

CO 2 Emissions by Indonesia has become one of three largest emitters in the world, which occurs from: �Deforestation � Temperature increasing 0, 3% per �Forest Fires � �Peatland Degradation � �Energy � �Industrial � year More rainfall per year, with risk of flooding Decreased food security Increasing the mean sea level, which will impact coastal livelihoods The warming of ocean water

Indonesia - Vulnerabilities Sea level rise & land inundation in coastal zones North coast Java, south Kalimantan, west Sumatra Water changed water balance leading to droughts and floods – regionally differentiated Agriculture food security threatened, and declining productivity in particular rice cultivation Health spread of diseases correlated to effects of climate change (malaria, dengue, cholera, diarrhea etc)

Current Emissions § LULUCF + Peat burning: 866, 254 +/- Stable § Energy: 333, 540 Gg § Industry: 34, 197 Gg § Agriculture: 75, 419 Gg § Waste: 151, 578 Gg TOTAL: 1, 415, 988 Gg d a Dyn m ren t c i

National Priority and Action Plan 11 National Priorities Indonesian Cabinet 2010 -2014 1 Bureaucracy Reform and Good Governance 2 Education 3 Health 4 Poverty Alleviation 5 Food Security 6 Infrastructure 7 Investment Climate 8 9 Energy Environment and Disaster Management (incl. Climate Change) 10 Disadvantaged, Borders and Post-Conflict Areas 11 Culture, Creativity and Technology Innovation

National Priority and Action Plan PRIORITY FOOD SECURITY ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT FOCUS • Land, Area Development & Agriculture Spatial Plan • Infrastructure • Research and Development • Investment, Finance and Subsidy • Food and Nutrition • Adaptation to Climate Change • Policy • Restructuring of State Enterprises • Energy Capacity • Alternative Energy • Oil and Gas Derivative Production • Gas Conversion • Climate Change • Environmental Degradation Control • Early Warning System • Capacity Building on Disaster Mitigation & Forest Fire

Climate Change Roadmap CLIMATE CHANGE ROADMAP Current Status Policy instrument and regulation Program Project Funding scheme Priority Sectors 1. Agriculture 2. Coastal, ocean and fishery 3. Energy 4. Forestry Secondary Sectors 1. Health 2. Transportation 3. Infrastructure 4. water 5. Industry Cross Cutting Issues 1. Research and Technology 2. National security 3. Biodiversity 4. Poverty Capacity building Objectives Mainstreaming climate change into development planning

Major Cities in Indonesia

Urban Economies – Jakarta The “informal sector” is outside the official system, usually family based. It has flexible hours and variable payments. Most enterprises are small scale.

Example: Environmental Compliance Market Instrument (Cleaner Production, Soft Loan) 1986 1990 1999 2002 Clean River Program Clean Air Program (Blue Sky) Environmental Impact Assessment Licensing System Hazardous Wastes Control Water Pollution Compliance Public Disclosure 1995 Economic Crisis 1998 - 2002 Environmental Law Enforcement Multimedia Environmental Compliance Public Disclosure

Example: Compliance Rating System Color Coded Rating Performance Assessment Compliance Level Above Compliance Rating Alternative Gold A Green B Area Environmental Management System Resources Conservation and Reuse, Recycle, and Recovery of Wastes (3 R) Type of Compliance Method Effort Oriented Voluntary CSR: Community Development Comply Water and Sea Water Pollution Blue Non Compliance C Red D Black E Air Pollution Hazardous Waste Management Implementation of EIA Result Oriented Obligatory

Example: Benefits to Stakeholders Government Company Cost effective for compliance perforamance Benchmarking for non financial performance Tool to measure environmental management program Intangible Value Added Better Company Image Investors and Public Clearing house for targeted company performance Driver for Eco Efficiency Instrument to drive beyond compliance program Improving communication between government and company Room for public participation in environmental management

Contact me … Class website: http: //www. gdrc. info/iep Prof. Hari Srinivas Room: I-312 Tel: 079 -565 -7406 Email: hari. srinivas@kwansei. ac. jp