International Environmental Policy NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF INDIA

International Environmental Policy NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF: INDIA HARI SRINIVAS ROOM: I-312 / 079 -565 -7406

India and Japan • Land Area: India is about 10 times the size of Japan, It takes three days and four nights to travel from the south of India to the north by train! • Population: For every Japanese, there are 10 Indians • GDP: India is still a developing country - Japan’s economy is three times bigger than India. One Japanese person produces the same GDP as four Indians!

Environmental Problems in India �Pollution. Deforestation. Wildlife trade. The aspirations and lifestyles of more than one billion people. These are some of the critical environmental issues that India grapples with every day. Population growth Poor Environmental quality Pollution: • Water • Air • Solid waste • Land/Soil • Greenhouse gas emissions, including CO 2

Environmental Problems • Population growth Environmental problems grew out of: • Changes in Lifestyles • Lack of awareness of negative impacts on the environment … and not just due to economic growth

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION DEFORESTATION Need more land Create air pollution Emit more GHGs Produce more waste Population size and growth Need more water GROUND WATER Need more food INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE Need more resources MINING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION Environmental Problems

Causes of Environmental Problems Economic Activity Agricultural Practices SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOOD SECURITY Environmental Problems POVERTY REDUCTION Population growth URBANIZATION Lifestyle Issues

Causes of degradation �The Underlying Causes of Environmental Degradation in India: Social Factors Ø Economic Factors Ø Institutional Factors Ø

Causes of degradation Ø Ø Ø Social Factors Economic Factors Institutional Factors ØPopulation ØPoverty ØUrbanization

Causes of degradation Ø Ø Ø Social Factors Economic Factors Institutional Factors • Poorly functioning markets for environmental goods and services • Market distortions created by price controls and subsidies • Manufacturing technology of industries • Expansion of chemical based industry • Growing transport activities, including expansion of port and harbour activities.

Causes of degradation Ø Ø Ø Social Factors Economic Factors Institutional Factors • Lack of awareness and infrastructure makes implementation of most of the laws relating to environment, extremely difficult and ineffective. : • Costs • Human resources • Curruption • Other issues

India’s Development Paths � Essential focus: economic growth and poverty alleviation �Pre – 1970 � Asset Creation & Redistribution � 1970 s and 1980 s � Income and Employment Generation � 1990 s Liberalization and Globalization � Environment Awareness and Integration � �Post 2000 Towards Inclusive Growth � Climate Awareness and Integration � Green Economy �

Environmental Policy Roots Modern India: Colonial India: Ancient India: Lifestyle and behaviour Pollution of air, water and land Wildlife trade Pollution control, Conservation strategies, Link to development, Green economy

Environmental Policy Roots UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984 Earth Summit, 1992 The Water Act (1988) The Constitution of India (1976) The Air Act (1987) The Environmental Protection Act of 1986 The Environmental Protection Rules of 1986 The Product Liability Insurance Act of 1991 Agenda 21 Precautionary Principle Polluter Pays Principle

Environmental Policy �National Environment Policy Ø It is the first initiative in strategy- formulation for environmental protection in a comprehensive manner. Ø It undertakes a diagnosis of the causes of environmental degradation with a view to identifying solutions required. Ø It recognizes that economic and financial policies need to take account of their unintentional impacts on environmental degradation. Environmental Action: • • • Demo projects Opening markets Partnerships Monitoring Education Technology development • …

Legislative Framework: • Constitution: Fundamental Rights, Principles of State Policy, Fundamental Duties • • • Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Atomic Energy Act of 1982 Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA) The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 Public Liability Insurance Act (PLIA), 1991 National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995

Institutional Framework Central Government �Ministry of Environment & Forests and its regional offices �Central Pollution Control Board and its regional offices State Government: �State Dept of Environment �State Pollution Control Board / State Pollution Control Committee

Multistakeholder Participation High courts and the Supreme Court Government ministries at national and state level NGO sector Mass Media Business and Indutry

Example: Judicial Process �The High Courts and Supreme Court of India have intervened a number of times to protext the environment: Public Trust Precautionary Principle Polluter Pays Principle Liability Principle Sustainable Development Courts have used these principles to order the government to take action on the environment

Environmental “Protection”? Economic policies Environmental Policies Economic Policies Right now, economic policies and environmental policies are in “conflict” Environmental issues need to be made a part of economic growth and development policies

Policy Focus Industrial Policies Policy Focus Urbanization Policies Integrated Environmental Management Policies

Emerging Challenges for India Pollution Control Preserving the Environment Inclusive Growth and Green Economy

Emerging Challenges for India • Steering a Rapidly Developing Economy – Macro-economic Issues – Globalisation and International Trade • Integrating Poor and Vulnerable Communities – Internal Security and Inclusive Growth – Migration and Trans-boundary Issues • Reducing Ecosystems Damage and Climate Change

Emerging Challenges for India POSITIVE STRENGTHs THAT COULD LEAD TO A “GREEN INDIA” Green Economy strategies Global Image and brand name Strong democratic institutions Aware and educated professionals

India is an Enigma! How can India balance … Very aware and democratic society v/s Pressures of economic growth and development

India is an Enigma! How can India balance … Government as a key policy maker v/s Active roles played by non-state actors, including legal courts

India is an Enigma! How can India balance … Government as a key policy maker v/s Active roles played by non-state actors, including legal courts

India is an Enigma! How can India balance … Genuine efforts to protect the environment v/s Pressure from huge population

Contact me … Class website: http: //www. gdrc. info/iep Prof. Hari Srinivas Room: I-312 Tel: 079 -565 -7406 Email: hari. srinivas@kwansei. ac. jp