International court 1945 1946 in Nuremburg Germanytried Nazi

International court 1945 -1946 in Nuremburg, Germany—tried Nazi leaders responsible for these murders in the concentration comps— 22 officials were charged; 12—executed; 7— life imprisonment; 3 --acquitted

Goering (left) and Hess (right) during their criminal trials at Nuremberg in 1946

United Nations Aug. 1944— Reps. From G. B. , S. U. , China and U. S… New York-N. A. headquarters Create a body to prevent future global wars; promote equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples Human Rights. wmv

Purpose: to determine the fate of peace in Europe To divide Germany and its capital into 4 occupation zones US, GB, and France unified zones create West Germany and West Berlin (democratic) SU’s zones became E Germany and E Berlin (communist)

Division of Germany —and Division of Berlin

Began feelings of mistrust Divided Europe btwn democracy and communism Created Stalin’s desire for a buffer zone

Germany divided into: East Germany Dominated by Soviet Union Didn’t adopt democratic ideals

West Germany Resumed self govt after a few yrs of Amer. , Br, & Fr. Occupation Became democratic Emerged with economic power

Berlin Airlift and formation of Nato. wmv Soviets held East Berlin hostage USA & Britain flew supplies over Berlin Stalin lifted blockade May 1949

Berlin Wall 1961 Berlin Wall. wmv Divided Berlin into East & West Democratic & Communist http: //www. cnn. c om/interactive/sp ecials/9904/nato. t imeline/content/0 7. berlin. wall. jpg

Countries behind Iron Curtain are shaded red. Winston Churchill “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. ”

Europe Marshall Plan. Massive American financial aid Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan. wmv Lay in ruins (USA) provided lots of $$$$ to rebuild Europe & prevent the spread of communism

Containment: a policy for preventing the expansion of communism After WWII—U. S. policy=containment Development of alliances against Soviet and Chinese aggression Led to armed conflict in Korea and Vietnam U. S. tried to contain or restrict communism to those countries of the world where it already existed

Truman Doctrine Promise that the U. S. would defend free peoples Policy of Containment. wmv “containment of communism” Keep communism from spreading “Domino Theory”

Deterrence the act of deterring, especially deterring a nuclear attack by the capacity or threat of retaliating. Détente 1970’s—relaxation in international affairs during the Cold War SALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—agreed to limit number of stockpiled weapons

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)— North American headquarters in Norfolk! Defensive alliance among the USA & western Europe to prevent Soviet expansion

Warsaw Pact Soviet allies in eastern Europe form this as a response to NATO

1950 s Fidel Castro: communist revolution Cubans fled to Florida to escape communist rule Pres. Eisenhower encouraged the CIA to train exiles & attempt to overthrow Castro (Bay of Pigs Invasion) Bay of Pigs. wmv

President Kennedy approved the Bay of Pigs invasion…. It was a complete disaster—within two days Castro’s army had captured or killed most of the American supported invaders

“massive retaliation” Under Pres. Eisenhower S. U. matched the USA in nuclear weaponry Purpose was to prevent a nuclear strike by the Soviets

Japan Occupied by American forces under Mac. Arthur’s administration Adopted democratic gov’t with economic growth (dominate Asia’s economy) Resumed self govt & became a strong ally of the USA Elimination of Japanese offensive military capabilities

China Division of China into two nations at the end of the Chinese civil war 1949 Chiang Kai-shek— Nationalist China (island of Taiwan) Mao-Tse-tung— Communist China (mainland China)— participates in Korean conflict

China taken over by communists increases Amer. Fears of communism China & the Soviet Union become bitter rivals—Nixon exploits this! Pres. Nixon visits communist China

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Lasted from the end of WWII until 1989 USA: democratic, free market economy Soviet Union: totalitarian govt, communist economy

1950 s; example of containment policy Communist North Korea invaded South Korea USA counterattacked North Korea Start of Korean War. wmv

Communist Chinese forces helped North Korea Ended in a stalemate South Korea free from communism 38 th Parallel Mac. Arthur dismissed and Korean Armistice. wmv

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Example of containment policy North Vietnam (communist) tried to take over South Vietnam (17 th Parallel) Ho Chi Minh--Leader USA helped South Vietnam resist! Today—Vietnam reunited communist country Vietnam War. wmv

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Pres. John F. Kennedy began sending us over Kennedy assassinated 1963 Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson intensified our buildup

USA repeatedly defeated North Vietnamese but couldn’t force an end to the war! USA was VERY divided over our involvement

Richard Nixon elected as Pres. w/ pledge to end war! “Vietnamization” replacing Amer. Troops w/ South Vietnamese troops Failed; S. U. supplied North Viet detente under Nixon. wmv

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1975 North & South Vietnam Communist! Troops faced hostility when they came home!

Nixon forced to resign as Pres. Nixon trying to wire tape Dem. Party Headquarters to win 1972 election Caught trying to cover it up!

S. U. stationed missiles in Cuba (Cuban Missile Crisis) Kennedy ordered SU to remove them They did! (We had missiles in Turkey directed at them) Cuban Missile Crisis. wmv

Americans feared Communism & the threat of a nuclear war Schools & drills to train children Bomb shelters in basements Public Service Announcement

Alger Hiss & Julius & Ethel Rosenberg convicted of being Soviet spies (executed) SU constructing nuclear weapons Both of these increased Amer. Fears of communism!

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“pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty. ” “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country” Kennedy's Speech

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WWII veteran assassinated in Dallas, TX 1963 Shook the nation’s confidence

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Spending tons of $$$ to keep up w/ USA Nationalism in Satellite Nations Fast-Paced reforms Economic inefficiency

Reagan and Star Wars. wmv

Gorbachev “glasnost” & “perestroika”: openness & economic restructuring

Challenged moral legitimacy of SU Berlin Wall Speech: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall” Increased US military & economic pressure on SU End of Cold War. wmv

Created a unique government in Yugoslavia, which included socialism

Led to the breakup of the Yugoslavian federation. He ordered a program of ethnic cleansing. Who was he trying to get “rid” of?

Muslims

The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group

1915 -1916: Leaders of the Ottoman Empire led a genocide against the Armenian Christians

1932 -1934: Joseph Stalin led a genocide against political opponents, peasants, members of the elite and people of Ukraine

1975: The educated, artists, technicians, former government officials, monks, and minorities were slaughtered in Cambodia

Tutsis and Hutus are two ethnic groups living in the African nation of Rwanda and Burundi. In 1994, the Hutu-led government decided to use the military against the Tutsi opposition. Between April and July 1994, as many as 800, 000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus fled the country as refugees, fearing revenge by the Tutsis.

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