International Business Environments and Operations 13e Part Two
International Business Environments and Operations, 13/e Part Two Comparative Environmental Frameworks 2 -1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Chapter Two The Cultural Environments Facing Business 2 -2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Chapter Objectives • To understand methods for learning about cultural environments • To analyze the major causes of cultural difference and change • To discuss behavioral factors influencing countries’ business practices • To understand cultural guidelines for companies that operate internationally 2 -3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Culture Learned norms based on values, attitudes, and beliefs of a group of people 2 -4 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Cultural Diversity A means of gaining global competitive advantage by bringing together people of diverse backgrounds and experience 2 -5 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Cultural Collision • Occurs in international business when: § A company implements practices that are less effective § Employees encounter distress because of difficulty in accepting or adjusting to foreign behaviors 2 -6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Cultural Factors Affecting International Business Operations 2 -7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Cultural Awareness • Problem areas that can hinder managers’ cultural awareness… § Subconscious reactions to circumstances § The assumption that all societal subgroups are similar 2 -8 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
The Idea of a “Nation” – Delineating Cultures The nation is a useful definition of society because: • Similarity among people is a cause and an effect of national boundaries • Laws apply primarily along national lines 2 -9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
The Nation as a Cultural Mediator • A national culture must be flexible enough to accommodate the diversity of various subcultures, ethnic groups, races, and classes • Yet every nation boasts certain human, demographic, and behavioral characteristics that constitute its national identity 2 -10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Country-By-Country Analysis • Managers find this difficult to implement because: § Subcultures exist within nations § Similarities link groups from different countries 2 -11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
How Cultures Form and Change • Change by Choice § Reaction to social and economic situations • Change by Imposition § Imposed introduction into a culture of certain elements from an alien culture 2 -12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Language as Both a Diffuser and Stabilizer of Culture A common language within a country is a unifying force 2 -13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Major Language Groups: Population and Output 2 -14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Religion As A Cultural Stabilizer Centuries of profound religious influence continue to play a major role in shaping cultural values and behavior 2 -15 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Behavioral Practices Affecting Business • Issues in Social Stratification § Social ranking is determined by: • Factors pertaining to you as an individual • Factors pertaining to your affiliation with certain groups 2 -16 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Group Affiliations Can Be: • Ascribed or Acquired § Include those based on gender, family, age, caste, ethnic, racial, or national origin • A reflection of class and status § Include those based on religion, political affiliation, and professional and other associations 2 -17 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Social Stratification and Employment Practices • • • Performance Orientation Open and Closed Societies Gender-Based Groups Age-Based Groups Family-Based Groups 2 -18 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Work Motivation • Materialism and Motivation • Expectation of Success and Reward • Performance and Achievement: The Masculinity. Femininity Index • Hierarchies of Needs 2 -19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Hierarchy of Needs 2 -20 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Relationship Preferences • Power Distance • Individualism Versus Collectivism 2 -21 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Risk-Taking Behavior • • Uncertainty Avoidance Trust Future Orientation Fatalism 2 -22 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Information and Task Processing • Perception of Cues • Obtaining Information: Low Context versus High Context Cultures • Information Processing • Monochronic Versus Polychronic Cultures • Idealism Versus Pragmatism 2 -23 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Communication • • • Spoken and Written Language Silent Language Distance Time and Punctuality Body Language Prestige 2 -24 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Body Language Is Not A Universal Language 2 -25 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Degree of Cultural Differences Cultural Distance When a company moves within a cluster of culturally similar countries, it should expect to encounter fewer cultural differences and to face fewer cultural adjustments. Cultural Friction A business interaction may be viewed negatively because of possible changes in power relationships and the sovereignty that sets countries apart. 2 -26 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Company and Management Orientations • Polycentrism § belief that business units in different countries should act like local companies • Ethnocentrism § conviction that one’s own culture is superior to that of other countries • Geocentrism § requires companies to balance knowledge of their own organizational cultures with both home and host country needs, capabilities, and constraints 2 -27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Strategies for Instituting Change • • Value Systems Cost-Benefit Analysis of change Resistance to too much change Participation Reward Sharing Opinion Leadership Timing Learning Abroad 2 -28 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Future: What will happen to national cultures? • Scenario 1. § New hybrid cultures will develop and personal horizons will broaden • Scenario 2. § Outward expressions of national culture will continue to become homogeneous while distinct values will remain stable • Scenario 3. § Nationalism will continue to reinforce cultural identity • Scenario 4. § Existing national borders will shift to accommodate ethnic differences 2 -29 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. 2 -30 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
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