INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGY OLYMPIAD IBO NATIONAL BIOLOGY OLYMPIAD NBO

INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGY OLYMPIAD (IBO) NATIONAL BIOLOGY OLYMPIAD (NBO) Dr. Agus Dana Permana Sekolah Ilmu & Teknologi Hayati (SITH) Institut Teknologi Bandung Ganesa 10 Bandung 40132 Tel/Fax : 022 2500258/2534107 agus@sith. itb. ac. id www. tobi. or. id Pembina Tim IBO Indonesia

International Biology Olympiad (IBO) kompetisi para siswa Sekolah Menegah Umum (SMU) dari seluruh dunia. Kemampuan siswa diuji dalam menjawab persoalan Biologi (teori + praktek). Keingintahuan (interes) dan kreatifitas siswa dalam bidang biologi jadi penilaian. Setiap negara peserta dapat mengirimkan empat (4) siswa, mereka adalah para pemenang dalam National Biology Olympiad (NBO). IBO I di Czechoslovakia th. 1985, di lanjutkan oleh Polandia, Bulgaria, Uni Soviet, West-Germany, Belgium. Indonesia mulai th. 1999 mengirim 2 Observer. IBO dapat digunakan untuk : - menguji hasil pendidikan, penerapan kurikulum dan silabus, - membandingkan silabus dan arah pengembangan pendidikan biologi, - membantu pengembangan kurikulum biologi.

KEIKUT SERTAAN INDONESIA & HASIL

Silabus & Bahan IBO (1) Guide SIlabus IBO di tetapkan oleh Coordinating Center (di Prague, Czech Republic) merupakan hasil diskusi negara pendiri IBO dan sudah beberapa kali di revisi. Untuk mengirim siswa ke IBO harus melalui NBO. Di Indonesia di koordinasi oleh DIKMENUM - DIKNAS dengan Dinas DIKNAS Kab/Kota/Propinsi. - Seleksi I tingkat Kabupaten/Kota (April/Mei) Sekolah mengirim nama ke Dinas Diknas Seleksi II tingkat Propinsi (sekitar 2500 siswa (Juni /Juli ) ---- (Untuk diseleksi menjadi 90 siswa) Seleksi III tingkat Nasional (90 siswa – Agustus / September) ----- (30 siswa mendapat Medali) Pembinaan & Seleksi di SITH - ITB (2 – 3 kali) : a. Pembinaan & Seleksi I sekitar November – Desember (sekitar 30 siswa seleksi menjadi 12 siswa) b. Pembinaan & Seleksi II sekitar Maret - Mei (sekitar 12 siswa seleksi menjadi 4 siswa) c. Pembinaan & Seleksi III sekitar Minggu ke 2 / akhir Juni (4 siswa) IBO selalu dilaksanakan di awal-pertengahan Juli IBO ke XVII (2006) di Rio Cuarto , Cordoba, Argentina IBO XVIII (2007) di Canada IBO XIX (2008) di di India IBO XX (2009) di Jepang IBO XXI (2010) di Korea Selatan

Silabus & Bahan IBO (2) Pustaka Acuan : 1. Campbell et al. , 1999. Biology. Benyamin Cuming Publication. 2. Purves et al. , 1997. Life, The Science of Biology. Sinauer Assoc. Inc. Ø Ø Ø Bobot penilaian Teori dan Praktek/Eksperimen pada IBO 50 : 50 Soal Teori mengikuti Silabus IBO, setiap negara dapat mengirim 5 soal + penjelasan jawaban Empat (4) Tema Praktek + soal di buat oleh Negara Pelaksana (1) Anatomi, Morfologi & Sistematika Tumbuhan dan (2) Hewan selalu ada; Molekuler, Mikrobiologi, Ekologi, Dendrologi, Perilaku, Genetika IBO ke 19 di Mumbai, India Ø Tema Teori : Sesuai dengan SIlabus IBO Ø Tema Praktek : (1) Anatomi & Fisiologi Tumbuhan (2) Anatomi & Fisiologi Hewan (3) Biokimia (Biologi Sel, Molekuler) (4) Etologi Ø Ø Ø OSN OSN OSN 2003 untuk seleksi Nasional di Balikpapan, 15 – 19 September 2003 2004 untuk seleksi Nasional di Pekanbaru Agustus 2004 2005 untuk seleksi Nasional di Jakarta September 2005 2006 untuk seleksi Nasional di Semarang September 2006 2007 untuk seleksi Nasional di Surabaya September 2007 2008 untuk seleksi Nasional di Makassar Agustus 2008

Pembinaan Tim IBO Indonesia di SITH – ITB (Departemen Biologi FMIPA ITB)

Penterjemahan soal + Siswa Test Praktikum di IBO XI di Upsala, Swedia

Tim IBO Indonesia pada IBO XVI di Beijing, China

Hasil Seleksi Tk Propinsi Tahun 2005 Ø Ø Beberapa siswa dari DKI, Ja. Teng, Ja. Tim, Bali, Ja. Bar dapat mencapai nilai tertinggi 70 -80% dari Nilai Total (Benar Semua). Masih ada siswa dengan hasil MINUS. Propinsi yang melakukan Pembinaan atau Sekolah yang memiliki Pembinaan Olimpiade cenderung mendapat Nilai lebih baik. Untuk Seleksi Tk Nasional (OSN) lebih sulit, karena mengunakan soal International (IBO), ada Nilai Praktikum.

PERSIAPAN SISWA (+ GURU) OLEH DINAS PENDIDIKAN Ø Bekerjasama dengan Perguruan Tinggi setempat dan atau diluar Provinsi setempat dalam melakukan Pembinaan yang terprogram : ü Persiapan Test/Seleksi Tingkat Kab/Kota : Januari s/d April/Mei bagi siswa terpilih dari SMA yang ada di daerah masing-masing. Pembinaan kepada siswa yang berhasil lulus Seleksi Kab/Kota untuk persiapan seleksi tingkat Propinsi (Juni). Pembinaan kepada siswa yang berhasil lulus Seleksi Propinsi untuk persiapan seleksi Nasional (Juli - Agustus) Memberikan hadiah-hadiah bagi beberapa pemenang tingkat Kab/Kota & Propinsi ü ü ü Ø Pembinaan untuk Guru dan Siswa dalam Praktikum & Teori konsep Biologi

EVOLUTION, UNITY, AND DIVERSITY The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains n n Grouping organisms by fundamental features helps make the vast diversity of life manageable for study Scientists classify organisms into a hierarchy of broader and broader groups • Most classification schemes group organisms into three domains: 1) Domain Bacteria 2) Domain Archaea

Traditional 5 Kingdom system of clasification : Domain : Prokaryote ----- Kingdom : Monera Domain : Eukaryote ---- Kingdom : Protista, Plantae, Fungi & Animalia Prokaryotes in the biosphere : the oldest organism, success story & earliest organism, lived & evolved all alone on earth for 1. 5 billion years, continued to adapt on earth & helped to change the earth, still dominate the biosphere. Structural differences between cell of Prokaryote & Eukaryote In the past 2 decades Systematists have determined a single Kingdom in all Prokaryotes is not consistent with evolutionary history. By comparing Ribosomal RNA & complete sequenced genomes of several species, Researchers have identified 2 major branches of Prokaryote evolution : Bacteria and Archaea refers to antiquity of groups origin earliest cells (greek archaio = ancient). Many species of Archaea inhabit in extreme environment, hot springs, salt ponds. Different with Bacteria in many key structural, biochemical & physiological characteristics.

Bacteria & Archaea are 2 main branches of Prokaryote evolution Carl Woese (Univ. of Illinois) 1 st recognized the distinction between Bacteria and Archaea --- so early in the history of life & have fundamental different. Proposed 6 Kingdom system (2 Prokaryote : Bacteria & Archaea; 4 Eukaryote : Protista, Plantae, Fungi & Animalia). Woese & others systematists favor organizing the diversity of life into 3 Domain Bacteria; Domain Archaea & Domain Eukarya 3) Domain Eukarya

How Ancient Bacteria Changed the World n Biological and geologic history are closely intertwined n Fossilized mats of prokaryotes 2. 5 billion years old mark a time when photosynthetic bacteria were producing O 2 that made the atmosphere aerobic n These fossilized mats are called stromatolites

EARLY EARTH AND THE ORIGIN OF LIFE Life began on a young Earth n Planet Earth formed some 4. 6 billion years ago • The early atmosphere probably contained H 2 O, CO 2, N 2, and possibly some CH 4, but little or no O 2 • Volcanic activity, lightning, and UV radiation were intense

How did life originate ? n Small organic molecules must have appeared first n This probably happened when inorganic chemicals were energized by lightning or UV radiation Talking About Science: Stanley Miller’s experiments showed that organic materials could have arisen on a lifeless earth • Simulations of such conditions have produced amino acids, sugars, and nucleotide bases CH 4 Water vapor Electrode NH 3 H 2 Condenser Cold water H 2 O Cooled water containing organic compounds Sample for chemical analysis

PROKARYOTES Prokaryotes have inhabited Earth for billions of years n Prokaryotes n are the oldest life-forms They remain the most numerous and widespread organisms on Earth today Archaea and bacteria are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution • Prokaryotes are cells that lack nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles • Prokaryotes are classified into two domains, based on nucleotide sequences and other features – Bacteria and Archaea

Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes n Spheres (cocci) are the most common • Rods (bacilli) • Curves or spirals Prokaryotes obtain nourishment in a variety of ways • These E. Coli colonies are growing with only glucose as an organic nutrient

n Autotrophs obtain carbon from CO 2 and are of two types – Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs • Heterotrophs obtain carbon from organic compounds – Photo-heterotrophs and chemo-heterotrophs • The first cells were most likely chemoautotrophs – They may have gotten their energy from sulfur and iron compounds

Unity in diversity: All forms of life have common features n All organisms share a set of common features, signs of unity in life’s vast diversity n n n All are made of cells All have DNA as their genetic blueprint These orchids show the variety possible within one species • DNA is made of chemical units called nucleotides • Each species has its own nucleotide sequence • The genetic information in DNA underlies all of the features that distinguish life from nonlife – Order and regulation; - Growth and development; - Use of energy from the environment; Response to environmental stimuli; - Ability to reproduce – Evolutionary change

Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life n n Charles Darwin is a central figure in biology He synthesized theory of evolution by natural selection n n A theory in science is a comprehensive idea with broad explanatory power Evolution is the core theme of biology • The Origin of Species frontispiece

n The theory of natural selection explains the main mechanism whereby all species of organisms change, or evolve • Evolution happens when populations of organisms with inherited variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the success of some individuals over others (1) Population with varied inherited traits (2) Elimination of individuals with certain traits – Natural selection is the editing mechanism – Evolution is based on adaptations (3) Reproduction of survivors

n At the top of life’s hierarchy is the ecosystem • Ecosystems include: – all the organisms in an area, which make up a community – interbreeding organisms of the same species, a population • Organisms are made up of: – organ systems – – organs tissues cells molecules ECOSYSTEM LEVEL Eucalyptus forest COMMUNITY LEVEL All organisms in eucalyptus forest POPULATION LEVEL Group of flying foxes ORGANISM LEVEL Flying fox Brain ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL Nervous system ORGAN LEVEL Brain Nerve TISSUE LEVEL Nervous tissue CELLULAR LEVEL Nerve cell MOLECULAR LEVEL Molecule of DNA Spinal cord

Many viruses cause disease in animals & plants n Membranous envelope Many viruses have RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material n Example: flu viruses RNA Protein coat • Most plant viruses have RNA – Example: tobacco mosaic diseases Protein RNA Glycoprotein spike

Emerging viruses threaten human health n The deadly Ebola virus causes hemorrhagic fever n Each virus is an enveloped thread of protein-coated RNA The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template • HIV is a retrovirus Glycoprotein Envelope Protein coat RNA (two identical strands) • Virus studies help establish molecular genetics • Molecular genetics helps us understand viruses – such as HIV, seen here attacking a white blood cell Reverse transcriptase

n Inside a cell, HIV uses its RNA as a template for making DNA to insert into the host chromosome Viral RNA CYTOPLASM 1 NUCLEUS DNA strand Chromosomal DNA 2 3 Doublestranded DNA Provirus DNA 4 5 RNA Viral RNA and proteins 6

From E. Coli to a Map of Our Genes n Research on E. coli revealed that these bacteria have a sexual mechanism that can bring about the combining of genes from two different cells n This discovery led to the development of recombinant DNA technology n a set of techniques for combining genes from different sources • DNA technology has many useful applications – The Human Genome Project – The production of vaccines, cancer drugs, and pesticides – Engineered bacteria that can clean up toxic wastes

Bacterium 1 Plasmid isolated 2 DNA isolated 3 Gene Bacterial chromosome Cell containing gene of interest inserted into plasmid Plasmid Gene of interest Recombinant DNA (plasmid) 4 DNA Plasmid put into bacterial cell Recombinant bacterium 5 Cell multiplies with gene of interest Copies of gene Gene for pest resistance inserted into plants Copies of protein Clones of cell Gene used to alter bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste Protein used to make snow form at higher temperature Protein used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy

Agrobacterium tumefaciens DNA containing gene for desired trait 1 Ti plasmid T DNA Restriction site Insertion of gene into plasmid using restriction enzyme and DNA ligase Plant cell 2 Recombinant Ti plasmid 3 Introduction into plant cells in culture Regeneration of plant T DNA carrying new gene within plant chromosome Plant with new trait Figure 12. 18 A

n One of the most promising lines of agricultural research is directed toward improving the output of the Rhizobium bacteria that inhabit the root nodules of legumes Rhizobium DNA Genes for nitrogen fixation TURN OFF GENES Nitrogen compounds in root nodules Nitrogen-fixing enzymes n ge tro ion Ni ixat f N 2 Figure 32. 15 B

Genetic engineering is increasing crop yields n Using both gene guns and plasmids for gene transfer, researchers are developing new varieties of crop plants Gunpowder Gun “Bullet” Plant cells DNA-coated pellets Figure 32. 16

n “Golden rice” has been genetically modified to contain beta-carotene – This rice could help prevent vitamin A deficiency OTHER APPLICATIONS OF DNA TECHNOLOGY DNA technology is used in courts of law • DNA fingerprinting can help solve crimes Defendant’s blood Blood from defendant’s clothes Victim’s blood

Connection: Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products n Recombinant cells and organisms are used to manufacture useful proteins

DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry and medicine n Hormones, technology n cancer-fighting drugs, and new vaccines are being produced using DNA This lab equipment is used to produce a vaccine against hepatitis B Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture • New genetic varieties of animals and plants are being produced – A plant with a new trait can be created using the Ti plasmid

RISKS AND ETHICAL QUESTIONS Connection: Could GM organisms harm human health or the environment ? n Genetic engineering involves some risks n n Possible ecological damage from pollen transfer between GM and wild crops Pollen from a transgenic variety of corn that contains a pesticide may stunt or kill monarch caterpillars • Our new genetic knowledge will affect our lives in many ways • The deciphering of the human genome, in particular, raises profound ethical issues – Many scientists have counseled that we must use the information wisely

White blood cells help defend the body n White blood cells function both inside and outside the circulatory system n They fight infections and cancer Basophil Eosinophil Monocyte Neutrophil Lymphocyte Stem cells offer a potential cure for leukemia and other blood cell diseases • All blood cells develop from stem cells in bone marrow – Such cells may prove valuable for treating certain blood disorders

n Researchers clone animals by nuclear transplantation – A nucleus of an egg cell is replaced with the nucleus of a somatic cell from an adult • Thus far, attempts at human cloning have not succeeded in producing an embryo of more than 6 cells – Embryonic development depends on the control of gene expression • In reproductive cloning, the embryo is implanted in a surrogate mother • In therapeutic cloning, the idea is to produce a source of embryonic stem cells – Stem cells can help patients with damaged tissues Donor cell Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor Nucleus from donor cell Implant blastocyst in surrogate mother Clone of donor is born (REPRODUCTIVE cloning) Remove embryonic stem cells from blastocyst and grow in culture Induce stem cells to form specialized cells for THERAPEUTIC use Grow in culture to produce an early embryo (blastocyst)

n The exponential growth of the human population is probably the greatest crisis ever faced by life on Earth

Restoring degraded habitats is a developing science n n Restoration ecology uses ecological principles to develop ways to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar as possible to their natural, predegraded state There are two strategies in restoration ecology n Bioremediation n Augmentation

n Bioremediation is the use of living organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystems – These organisms are usually prokaryotes, fungi, or plants – These lichens are concentrating mining wastes • Integrated pest management (IPM) uses a combination of biological, chemical, and cultural methods to control agricultural pests • IPM relies on knowledge of – the population ecology of the pest – its associated predators and parasites – crop growth dynamics • One objective of IPM is to minimize environmental and health risks by relying on natural biological control when possible

n Many technological advances stem from the scientific study of life Evaluating everyday reports in the press about a large range of subjects requires critical thinking and some familiarity with many areas of biology In order to understand how rain forest destruction impacts global climate, it is important to understand biology from the molecular to the ecosystem level