intermembrane space outer membrane inner membrane matrix cristae

intermembrane space outer membrane inner membrane matrix cristae (top): © Dr. Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited 200 nm

products enzyme product enzyme substrate enzyme–substrate complex substrates enzyme–substrate complex active site Degradation A substrate is broken down to smaller products. active site enzyme Synthesis Substrates are combined to produce a larger product. enzyme

Inside cell electrons transferred by NADH glucose electrons transferred by NADH Glycolysis glucose Citric acid cycle pyruvate Electron transport chain oxygen mitochondrion 2 Outside cell ATP 2 ATP 32 ATP

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle Pyruvate from glycolysis Which was made from pyruvate molecules

Electron Transport chain

Glycolysis and Fermentation

External respiration CO 2 lung pulmonary artery pulmonary vein heart tissue cells systemic vein systemic artery HCO– 3 plasma H+ + HCO– 3 systemic capillary RBC CO 2 RBC systemic capillary H 2 CO 3 Hb H+ CO 2 H 2 O Hb O 2 O 2 Hb CO 2 Tissue fluid CO 2 enters blood Internal respiration Tissue cell Tissue fluid O 2 exits blood

alveolus plasma H+ + HCO– 3 CO 2 Hb pulmonary capillary HCO– 3 H+ External respiration RBC H 2 CO 3 CO 2 Hb O 2 H 2 O RBC Pulmonary capillary O 2 Hb CO 2 alveolus CO 2 exits blood CO 2 lung pulmonary vein heart systemic vein tissue cells systemic artery CO 2 Internal respiration plasma O 2 enters blood O 2 pulmonary artery O 2

* a. Normal lung b. Lung cancer tumor

brain Respiratory center: region of the brain that automatically regulates breathing Intercostal nerves stimulate the intercostal muscles to contract. Phrenic nerve stimulates the diaphragm to contract.