Interest Grabber Section 4 1 Local Conditions How

Interest Grabber Section 4 -1 Local Conditions How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation where you live? Does your area receive a great deal of precipitation—rain and snow—or is your area very dry? Go to Section:

Interest Grabber continued Section 4 -1 1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how often does this occur? 2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures? About how high is the highest temperature? 3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the others? 4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall you can remember? 5. What are two factors that may affect climate? Go to Section:

Section Outline Section 4 -1 4– 1 The Role of Climate A. B. C. D. Go to Section: What Is Climate? The Greenhouse Effect The Effect of Latitude on Climate Heat Transport in the Biosphere

The Greenhouse Effect Section 4 -1 Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface Go to Section:

Figures 4 -1 and 4 -2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate Section 4 -1 Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes 90°N North Pole Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Arctic circle Sunlight Most direct sunlight 66. 5°N Tropic of Cancer Equator 0° Tropic of Capricorn 23. 5°S Sunlight Atmosphere Arctic circle Earth’s surface Go to Section: 23. 5°N Sunlight 66. 5°S 90°S South Pole

Interest Grabber Section 4 -2 Fitting In Organisms not only live together in ecological communities, but they also constantly interact with one another. These interactions, which include predation and competition, help shape the ecosystem in which they live. 1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation. 2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition. Go to Section:

Section Outline Section 4 -2 4– 2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? A. Biotic and Abiotic Factors B. The Niche C. Community Interactions 1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Symbiosis D. Ecological Succession 1. Primary Succession 2. Secondary Succession 3. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem Go to Section:

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4 -2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Go to Section:

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4 -2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM Go to Section:

Figure 4 -5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches Section 4 -2 Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Spruce tree Go to Section: Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches

Interest Grabber Section 4 -3 Who’s There? If you have ever been to a zoo or a botanical garden, you may have noticed that the signs that identify the animals or plants also identify the part of the world where these organisms are found. Different kinds of animals and plants are found in different parts of the world. Go to Section:

Interest Grabber continued Section 4 -3 1. Describe the climate where you live. 2. What types of plant and animal life are found in your area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these organisms. 3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life where you live now? Go to Section:

Section Outline Section 4 -3 4– 3 Biomes A. Biomes and Climate B. The Major Biomes C. Other Land Areas 1. Mountain Ranges 2. Polar Ice Caps Go to Section:

Compare/Contrast Table Section 4 -3 Ten Major Biomes Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees Grasses Tropical Rain Forest high hot poor high dense sparse Tropical Dry Forest variable mild rich moderate medium Tropical Savanna variable Desert low Temperate Grassland moderate mild variable summer hot clay poor rich moderate sparse absent dense sparse dense Temperate woodland summer low, and Shrubland winter moderate summer hot poor low medium Temperate Forest moderate summer moderate, rich winter cold high dense sparse Northwestern Coniferous Forest Boreal Forest high rocky, acidic low dense sparse poor, acidic moderate dense sparse Tundra low summer mild, winter cold summer mild, winter cool summer mild, winter cold poor low absent medium Go to Section: moderate

Figure 4 -11 The World’s Major Land Biomes Section 4 -3 Go to Section: Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Tropical savanna Temperate woodland shrubland Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Boreal forest (Taiga)

Interest Grabber Section 4 -4 Ride the Waves The marine ecosystem that is exposed to regular and extreme changes in its surroundings is the intertidal zone. During high tide, the intertidal zone is covered by sea water. During low tide, this area is exposed to air, sunlight, and heat. Go to Section:

Interest Grabber continued Section 4 -4 1. What types of organisms would you expect to find living in the intertidal zone? 2. What characteristics do you think these organisms have that enable them to live in this zone? 3. What effect do waves have on the intertidal zone? Go to Section:

Section Outline Section 4 -4 4– 4 Aquatic Ecosystems A. Freshwater Ecosystems 1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems 2. Standing-Water Ecosystems 3. Freshwater Wetlands B. Estuaries C. Marine Ecosystems 1. Intertidal Zone 2. Coastal Ocean 3. Coral Reefs 4. Open Ocean 5. Benthic Zone Go to Section:

Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Section 4 -4 Spoonbill The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore. The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. Frog Duck Water lilies Mosquito Duckweed larvae Dragonfly Snail The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, Pickerel Diving beetle Fish share the pond while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the with turtles and other surface. animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Trout The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and Hydra other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the Snail Crayfish surface. Go to Section: Phytoplankton Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Benthic crustaceans

Figure 4 -17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem Section 4 -4 land 200 m Coastal ocean 1000 m Open ocean 4000 m 6000 m Ocean trench 10, 000 m Continental shelf Go to Section: Photic zone Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain Aphotic zone

Videos Click a hyperlink to choose a video. Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 1 Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 2

Video 1 Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 1 Click the image to play the video segment.

Video 2 Earth’s Many Biomes, Part 2 Click the image to play the video segment.

Go Online Career links on forestry technicians Interactive test For links on climate and the greenhouse effect, go to www. Sci. Links. org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-2041. For links on biomes, go to www. Sci. Links. org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-2043. For links on aquatic ecosystems, go to www. Sci. Links. org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-2044.

Interest Grabber Answers 1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how often does this occur? 2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures? About how high is the highest temperature? 3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the others? 4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall you can remember? Question 1– 4: Answers will vary depending on local conditions. If students have lived in a different part of the country, you may wish to have them contrast the climate in that area with the local climate. 5. What are two factors that may affect climate? Possible answers: latitude, wind, ocean currents, shape and elevation of land masses

Interest Grabber Answers 1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation. Predation is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Some examples of predation: a hawk captures and feeds on a rabbit; a cat captures and feeds on a mouse. 2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition. Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Some examples of competition: crop plants and weeds compete for food, water, and sunlight; wolves and foxes compete for the same food (rabbits).

Interest Grabber Answers 1. Describe the climate where you live. 2. What types of plant and animal life are found in your area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these organisms. Questions 1– 2: Answers will vary depending on the part of the country in which students live. 3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life where you live now? Sample answer: If the new climate were much colder, animals would probably have thicker fur. Plants would have shorter growing seasons and would produce seeds that could withstand the cold.

Interest Grabber Answers 1. What types of organisms would you expect to find living in the intertidal zone? Students may say that plants and animals would be small. 2. What characteristics do you think these organisms have that enable them to live in this zone? Possible answer: Plants would have thick outer layers to resist drying during low tide. Animals would be able to burrow into the sand or have coverings that could hold in water. 3. What effect do waves have on the intertidal zone? Waves pound living things, causing them to bounce around, unless they have some means of staying attached to the sand or rocks on the bottom.

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