INTERAMERICAN DEFENSE BOARD CONFIDENCE AND SECURITYBUILDING MEASURES CSBMs

INTER-AMERICAN DEFENSE BOARD CONFIDENCE- AND SECURITY-BUILDING MEASURES (CSBMs)

INTRODUCTION • The Consolidated List of Confidence- and Security. Building Measures (CSBMs) is an OAS resolution— CP/CSH-1043/08 Rev. 1 of January 15, 2009. • On March 15, 2013, Ambassador Carmen Lomellin, the Permanent Representative of the United States, forwarded the IADB a document officially requesting a review and evaluation of the CSBMs. • A Working Group (WG) was thus created at the IADB. Fifteen countries participated in the study: Barbados, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States, and Trinidad and Tobago.

INTRODUCTION • The Final Report of the CSBM Working Group was forwarded to the Permanent Mission of the United States to the OAS through IADB Official letter nº 544 of September 15, 2014. • In 2015 a review was conducted of the IADB proposal for the new List of Confidence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs). • In March 2016, the updated document was sent to the Secretariat of the Committee on Hemispheric Security of the OAS.

Why the IADB ? OAS General Assembly resolution AG/RES. 1 (XXXII-E/06), of March 15, 2006. Statute of the Inter-American Defense Board (IADB). - Chapter 1, Article 3(h): “To provide OAS members states with technical advisory service in the development of transparency measures and confidence- and securitybuilding measures; ” - Chapter 1, Article 3(i): “To maintain, for the OAS, updated inventories of confidence- and security-building measures in the Hemisphere …. as well as an electronic database of the information contained in those inventories and to prepare… studies on such measures. . . ”

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidenceand Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) IADB Proposal Observations 1. Submit a comprehensive inventory of 1. Submit a comprehensive inventory CSBMs that each member state is of CSBMs that each member state is conducting in the Hemisphere annually conducting in the Hemisphere to the OAS. annually to the OAS. No change. 2. Hold high-level meetings involving the ministries of defense and foreign affairs, at the bilateral, sub-regional, and regional levels in order to provide for frank and direct dialogue on the joint evaluation of various aspects of defense and security, and exchange ideas and views with respect to the objectives of national defense policy, as well as shared means of addressing common problems in this area.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) IADB Proposal Observations 3. Extend to diplomatic training institutes, military academies, research centers, and universities the seminars, courses, and studies envisioned in the Declarations of Santiago and San Salvador on confidenceand security-building measures and other issues related to peace and hemispheric security, with participation in those activities by government, civilian, and military officials and by civil society. 3. Broaden dissemination and debate on CSBMs provided for at the hemispheric/ subregional/ bilateral levels to government officials, legislators, the academic community, university students, civil society, and diplomatic and military training institutes/schools. Amended. Information from CSBMs 34 and 35 was included in the new language. 4. Notification and observance of joint exercises and routine operations, as each state considers necessary. 4. Provide advance notice, particularly to neighboring countries, of routine, national, and joint military exercises and operations, and allow observers to participate in them, where so decided by each State. 5. Advance notice of military exercises. Included in CSBM number 4. New language. The content of CSBMs 04 and 05 was included.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidenceand Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) IADB Proposal 6. Conduct defense visit programs whereby representatives from participating OAS member states visit defense installations and military academies. 5. Conduct programs in the area of defense in which representatives of the OAS and its member states visit defense facilities, joint military exercises, and military academies. 7. Invite the Chair of the OAS Committee on Hemispheric Security Struck. to observe joint exercises conducted in the hemisphere. 8. Exchange of civilian and military 6. Exchange of civilian and military personnel for regular and advanced training. Observations Language was amended. Struck due to difficulties in execution. No change.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidence- and Security. Building Measures (CSBMs) IADB Proposal Observations 9. Participate in the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, including the provision and exchange of information on national production of conventional arms. 7. Participate in the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, including the provision and exchange of information on national production of conventional arms. No change. 8. Provide information to the UN Standardized 10. Provide information to the Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures UN Standardized Instrument for and exchange this information with OAS Reporting Military Expenditures member states. Participate in the UN and exchange this information Standardized International Reporting of with OAS member states. Military Expenditures and exchange this information with other member states. 11. Develop standardized methodologies for measuring Became CSBM 08. defense expenditures among neighboring States. Maintained with amendments to language. The content of CSBM 11 was added. Became CSBM 08. The content of CSBMs 10 and 11, was merged, with new language.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidence- and Security. Building Measures (CSBMs) IADB Proposal Observations 12. Develop and exchange 9. Develop and exchange defense policy and doctrine Became CSBM 09. doctrine papers (defense white papers). papers (defense white Same language. papers). 13. Exchange information on 10. Exchange information on the functions, procedures, Became CSBM 10. procedures, and institutional organization of and institutional organization Same language. ministries of defense and related institutions. of ministries of defense and related institutions. 14. Exchange information on 11. Exchange information on the organization, structure, Became CSBM 11. organization, structure, size, and composition of Same language. composition of defense and security forces.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidenceand Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) 15. Consider cooperative activities that develop regional peacekeeping skills and capabilities through common training, combined exercises, and exchange of information on peacekeeping. 16. [Hold] meetings and activities to prevent incidents and increase security for transport by land, sea, and air, and intensify cooperation in increasing security for transport by land, sea, and air in accordance with international law. IADB Proposal 12. Consider cooperative activities that develop regional peacekeeping skills and capabilities for operations through common training, combined exercises, and exchange of information on peacekeeping. 13. Conduct meetings and activities to prevent incidents and increase security for transit by land, sea, and air, and intensify cooperation to increase security for transport by land, sea, and air, in keeping with international law. Observations Became CSBM 12. Same language. Became CSBM 13 with new language.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidenceand Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) IADB Proposal 17. Strengthen cooperation and exchange of information among police, law enforcement, and military authorities of neighboring states, in 14. Expand cooperation and exchange, as as establish and develop accordance with their border situation. well communications between civilian, military, and law enforcement authorities 18. Establish, use, and exchange in border regions. procedural manuals and credentials among armed forces deployed in border areas. 19. Consider establishing, as appropriate, mutual confidence and security zones in border areas, in keeping with security, freedom of movement, and economic and commercial development needs of each state. Observations CSBMs 17, 18 y 21 were merged because they address issues regarding border regions. 15. Consider establishing, as appropriate, mutual confidence and security zones in border areas, in keeping with security, Became CSBM 15. freedom of movement, and economic and Same language. commercial development needs of each state.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidenceand Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) 20. Conduct combined exercises between armed forces and/or public security forces, respectively, in compliance with the legislation of each state. 21. Develop and establish communications among civilian or military authorities of neighboring countries in accordance with their border situation. IADB Proposal Observations 16. Conduct combined exercises between armed Became CSBM forces and/or public security 16. Same forces, respectively, in language. compliance with the legislation of each state. Became CSBM 14. CSBMs 17, 18, and 21 were merged. These are issues that regard border regions.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidence- and Security. Building Measures (CSBMs) 22. Intensify cooperation, within the framework of the OAS, in the fight against terrorism, drug interdiction, preventing illicit small arms and light weapons trafficking, combating piracy, preventing smuggling, search and rescue operations, and the protection of natural resources and archaeological goods. 23. Exchange information on security issues, such as the illicit trafficking in small arms and light weapons and the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, within the framework of the UN and OAS. IADB Proposal Observations 17. Intensify cooperation within the framework of the UN and the OAS, on security issues such as terrorism, drug and light weapons trafficking, combating piracy, preventing smuggling, nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, search and rescue operations, and the protection of natural resources and archaeological goods. Became CSBM 17. The content of CSBMs 22 and 23 was merged, with new language.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidenceand Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) IADB Proposal Observations 24. Identify excess stocks of small arms and light weapons as well as seized small arms and light weapons and, in accordance with national and international agreements in which states participate, define programs for the destruction of said weapons and invite international representatives to observe their destruction. 18. Identify excess stocks of small arms and light weapons as well as seized small arms and light weapons and, in accordance with national and international agreements to which states are party, define programs for the destruction of said weapons and invite international representatives to observe their destruction. Became CSBM 18 with new language. 25. Conduct seminars, courses, and studies on mutual confidence- and security-building measures and policies to promote confidence involving the participation of civilian and military personnel, and on the special security concerns of small island states. 21. Increase multilateral cooperation among member states through the development and implementation of policies, programs, and activities related to matters identified by small island states, such as concerns, threats, and challenges to their security, and exchange and share information at a bilateral, subregional, and regional level on the special security concerns of small island states in order to strengthen their capacity to address these issues, incentivizing implementation of courses, seminars, and studies on mutual confidence-and security building measures. Became CSBM 21. The content of CSBMs 25 and 30 was merged, with new language.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidence- and Security. Building Measures (CSBMs) 26. Cooperation programs in the event of natural disasters or to prevent such disasters, based on the request and authorization of the affected states. 27. Establish national points of contact regarding natural disaster response, environmental security, transportation security, and critical infrastructure protection. IADB Proposal Observations 19. Exchange information on scientific and meteorological research related to natural disasters, develop cooperation programs in case of natural disasters or for the prevention thereof, in keeping with the guidelines of the Inter-American Committee on Natural Disaster Reduction, pursuant to the request and authorization of the affected states. Became CSBM 19. The content of CSBMs 26, 28, and 29 was merged, with new language. 20. Establish national points of contact regarding assistance in cases of natural Became CSBM disasters, environmental security, 20, with new transportation security, and critical language. infrastructure protection.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidence- and Security. Building Measures (CSBMs) IADB Proposal 28. Exchange information regarding scientific and meteorological research related to natural disasters Observations Became CSBM 19. The content of CSBMs 26, 28, and 29 was merged, with new language. 30. Enhance multilateral cooperation among member states through the development and application of policies, programs, and activities regarding issues that are identified by the small island states as concerns, threats, and challenges to their security, and exchange Became CSBM 21. and share information at the bilateral, subregional and regional levels on the special security concerns of small island states to strengthen their capacity to address these concerns. Became CSBM 21. The content of CSBMs 25 and 30 was merged, with new language. 29. Increase cooperation in accordance with the guidelines of the Inter-American Committee on Natural Disaster Reduction and to mitigate the consequences of such disasters, based on the request and authorization of affected states.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) 31. Consider the following actions for early implementation aimed at enhancing the security-building capabilities of the small island states: - Establish a Virtual Private Network to facilitate regional sharing of criminal intelligence and other relevant databases in the fight against terrorism. - Share critical information among border control authorities to strengthen border control capacity in the fight against drug trafficking and terrorism. - Create joint training programs to allow existing entities to meet new challenges. - Engage in joint strategic planning and cooperation in the fight against these common threats. IADB Proposal Observations 22. Consider the following actions for early implementation aimed at enhancing the security-building capabilities of the small island states: - Establish a Virtual Private Network to facilitate regional sharing of criminal intelligence and other relevant databases in the fight against terrorism. Became CSBM 22. - Share critical information among border Same language. control authorities to strengthen border control capacity in the fight against drug trafficking and terrorism. - Create joint training programs to allow existing entities to meet new challenges. - Engage in joint strategic planning and cooperation in the fight against these common threats.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidence- and Security. Building Measures (CSBMs) 32. Cooperate [more] closely to implement commitments agreed to at the 1998 Transportation Ministerial, active participation at the July 2003 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Conference on the Safety of Transport of Radioactive Material, and to work together toward the continued strengthening of international standards regarding the maritime transport of potentially hazardous materials, including petroleum and radioactive materials. IADB Proposal Observations Struck. A very specific aspect that is difficult to measure. 33. Implement the relevant aspects of the program “Education for Peace” in the Hemisphere, adopted by OAS Permanent Council resolution CP/RES. 769/00. 34. Suggest and promote dialogue among hemispheric legislators within existing fora on confidence-building measures and on matters of peace and hemispheric security, including the exchange of visits and the Are part of CSBM 03. convening of meetings. 35. Encourage exchanges and contacts between students, academics, and experts in defense and security studies. Their content was incorporated into CSBM 03.

SUMMARY OF THE WORK Consolidated List of Confidence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) 36. Exchange and share experience and ideas on transparency and CSBMs with other regional security fora, such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), and the African Union (AU). ____ IADB Proposal Observations 23. Exchange and share experience and ideas on transparency and CSBMs with other regional and subregional security fora, such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Became CSBM (OSCE), the ASEAN Regional 23, with new Forum (ARF), the African language. Union (AU), the South American Defense Council, the Central American Armed Forces Conference (CFAC), and the Regional Security System (RSS). 24. Others. New CSBM, which did not exist previously.

CONCLUSIONS OF THE VI FORUM ON CSBMs Review, promotion, and impact the CSBMs: • Member states of the OAS are not regularly reporting CSBMs. • The OAS should encourage best practices with regard to reporting CSBMs. • One proposal is a spreadsheet. Discussion and analysis of new CSBMs: • The CSH should analyze and seek to further consolidate the list of CSBMs. • The member states should review and consider new measures. • Proposal by the IADB for a new list of CSBMs.

CONCLUSION • The IADB’s goal is to offer a proposal for a new list of Confidence- and Security. Building Measures (CSBMs), seeking to perfect the existing measures, by making them more effective and appropriate for implementation. • The CSBMs are an effective instrument for establishing ties of friendship, confidence, and security among the countries of the Hemisphere.