Interactive Notebook Setup 1032017 Roman Republic and Empire

Interactive Notebook Setup • 10/3/2017 • Roman Republic and Empire • This will be one page

Background Roman Republic Roman Empire

Apennine Peninsula in 753 BCE

Founding of the Roman Republic • Legend says Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars, god of War, founded the city where they were rescued from the Tiber River and cared for by the shewolf. (753 B. C. E. )

Background • 700 -500 B. C. E. Etruscan kings of the neighboring Etruria, the land to Rome’s north, ruled Rome • The Romans learned about city building, art, religion, mythology, and even language from the Etruscans

The Roman Republic • Rome was divided into two groups • Patricians – Large landowners, government power • Plebeians(or plebs) – Small landowners, merchants, farmers, craftsmen, limited political power – there was always tension between the patricians and plebs • Women were citizens w/ limited rights • HUGE dependence on slave labor – Slaves may have comprised as much as one third of the Roman population

Roman Society • Polytheistic gods “regulated” human life • Ceremonies to the gods had political importance because they (political leaders) believed the gods could foresee the future • Political leaders and religious leaders often interacted or were even the same people

The Culture of Ancient Rome Based on the Greek gods (usually only the names changed)

Roman Religion Jupiter - Head of the Gods Minerva - Goddess of Wisdom Mars - God of War • Were influenced by the Greeks – Borrowed Greek deities & gave them Roman names

The Roman Republic • They declared Rome a republic, a government in which power resides in a body of citizens and consists of representatives elected by them • 509 -27 BCE • Only men with wealth and property controlled politics and military – Called Citizens

The Roman Republic • 2 Consuls (at the highest level) held power that extended over the lands Rome ruled • Senate made laws/advised consuls – Most members were aristocrats • Because the consuls and Senate both represented the interests of the patricians (aristocratic, wealthy classes)

The Roman Republic • Expanded throughout Italian Peninsula, Western Europe, and Mediterranean to gain resources and control trade routes

The Roman Republic • Twelve Tables were first laws in Rome, created to relieve tension between Plebs and Patricians and unify Rome • Became more complex as the empire grew • General laws of right and wrong (jus gentium) were customized to fit the specific circumstances of local conditions; at the local level they become civil law (jus civile).

The Republic Expands Carthage was the dominant political power in north Africa (excluding Egypt), the southern part of the Iberian peninsula, and the western region of Sicily. Meanwhile, Hellenistic empires dominated the eastern Mediterranean, Macedon, Egypt, Syria, and Anatolia. The Hellenes (Greeks) had a thriving network of maritime commerce in the Mediterranean.

The Republic Expands The Carthaginians controlled the north central coast of Africa and the western Mediterranean. One of their trade networks focused on the mineral wealth of Spain, especially its silver mines. Carthage developed ports and cities in Sicily and Sardinia to protect that route.

The Roman Republic • As it expanded, Rome often offered its opponents a choice between alliance and conquest • Allies immediately allowed: – – – Govern their own internal affairs Participate in trade Pay tribute Marry Romans Provide/receive military assistance and join army POTENTIAL partial citizenship(called Romanization) Conquered areas could EVENTUALLY get these

Roman Empire • 2 nd and 1 st Cent BCE were time of political and social unrest • Issues over: – Access to land – Citizenship for non-Romans – Political/Voting Rights

Roman Empire • Power became held by ONE person claiming this to be more efficient – Called Caesar Augustus • The Senate became largely symbolic • First Emperor was Octavian Augustus set many important precedents followed by future emperors • Lasted from 27 BCE-476 CE(…MAYBE, stay tuned!)

• Today we will be talking the rise of the first true Roman emperor • Born Gaius Octavius • Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus • Gaius Julius Caesar Divi Filius • Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus

• But we just called him Augustus when studying him in history

Roman Empire • Octavian’s reign began period known as PAX ROMANA(Roman Peace) lasted 27 B. C. E to 180 C. E. • Time of political/economic stability and expansion – Conquered Asia Minor, Middle East, and England • Roman culture flourished and spread

Roman Empire • Granted citizenship to people in the provinces to increased loyalty, further Romanization • Also increased tax collection revenue as citizen paid inheritance tax • Created bureaucracy to maintain grain production, roads, mail delivery, and tax collection

Roman Empire • The Romans built the largest and longestlasting network of roads in the Ancient World – 250, 000 miles total – 50, 000 paved • Weigh stations/rest houses and small military forts were built every 1518 miles

Roman Empire • Starting in the 2 nd Century Romans ceased expansion and began building walls to secure/establish permanent borders • Built forts on walls in order to secure • Most famous Hadrian’s Wall in England

Roman Empire One of the Romans’ greatest engineering feats was channeling water to their cities throughout the Empire Roman engineers built the aqueducts to move the cold, clear water from springs to towns; sometimes they would be up to 250 miles long

Roman Empire • Used military/naval strength to protect and encourage trade • Standardized language, weights/methods, coins to encourage trade and political influence/control

Roman Empire • Roman art thrived during the Pax Romana • Painting and statues focused on realistic human form/stoic beliefs • Architecture focused on displaying power of empire and public use – Theaters, public baths, arenas, temples, ect – Notable architectural features: • Arch, dome, concrete, ect