Intensive Care Unit infections ICU patients Sickest patients

  • Slides: 47
Download presentation
Intensive Care Unit infections

Intensive Care Unit infections

ICU patients Sickest patients (multiple diagnoses, multi-organ failure, immunocompromised, septic and trauma) Move less

ICU patients Sickest patients (multiple diagnoses, multi-organ failure, immunocompromised, septic and trauma) Move less Malnourished More obtunded (Glasgow coma scale) Diabetics and Heart failure 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 2

ICU Care is Invasive More invasive lines and procedures including surgeries Longer length of

ICU Care is Invasive More invasive lines and procedures including surgeries Longer length of stay More IV and parenteral drugs More tube feeding and Parenteral nutrition More ventilation 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 3

ICU : Factors that increase crossinfections Hand washing facilities Patient close together or sharing

ICU : Factors that increase crossinfections Hand washing facilities Patient close together or sharing rooms Understaffing Preparation of IVs on the unit Lack of isolation facilities No separation of clean and dirty AREAS Excessive antibiotic use Inadequate decontamination of items & equipments 9/10/2020 4 of nursing-2015 Inadequate cleaningdr yrkefallah-phd of environment

Some Health-Care Associated Infections that May Occur UTI associated with Foley catheters Lower respiratory

Some Health-Care Associated Infections that May Occur UTI associated with Foley catheters Lower respiratory tract infection (post-op and ventilator dependent) Skin necrosis (skin breakdown) Blood stream infection (and line associated) Surgical-site infection Nutrition-related and malnutrition 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 5

Strategy for Prevention Handwashing Use gloves to prevent contamination of the hands when handling

Strategy for Prevention Handwashing Use gloves to prevent contamination of the hands when handling respiratory secretions Wear gloves and gowns (contact precautions) during all contact with patients and fomites potentially contaminated with respiratory secretions Use aseptic technique 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 6

Strategy for Prevention Clean and decontaminate all equipment after use Sterilise or use high-level

Strategy for Prevention Clean and decontaminate all equipment after use Sterilise or use high-level disinfection for all items that come into direct or indirect contact with mucous membranes Rinse and dry items that have been chemically disinfected Package and store items to prevent contamination before use Keep environment clean, dry and dust free 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 7

Conclusions : Strategy for Infection Prevention Strict attention to Hand hygiene Prudent Antibiotic use

Conclusions : Strategy for Infection Prevention Strict attention to Hand hygiene Prudent Antibiotic use Aseptic technique Disinfection/Sterilization of items and equipment Education of staff infection control awareness Keep Environment Clean, Dry and dust free Surveillance of nosocomial infection to identify problems areas & set priorities 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 8

Intensive Care Unit Prevention of Blood stream infections

Intensive Care Unit Prevention of Blood stream infections

Central Venous Catheters Indications IV fluids and drugs Blood and blood products Total Parenteral

Central Venous Catheters Indications IV fluids and drugs Blood and blood products Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) Haemodialysis Haemodynamic monitoring 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 10

Serious Infective Complications Blood Stream Infections (BSI) Septic pulmonary emboli Metastasis infection – Acute

Serious Infective Complications Blood Stream Infections (BSI) Septic pulmonary emboli Metastasis infection – Acute endocarditis – Osteomyelitis – Septic arthritis Shock and organ failure Poor outcome: Staph. aureus or Candida. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 11

Incidence of CR-BSI Type of catheter Teflon or Polyurethane ( < infections) vs Polyvinyl

Incidence of CR-BSI Type of catheter Teflon or Polyurethane ( < infections) vs Polyvinyl chloride or Polyethylene Site of insertion Subclavian (< infections) vs Internal Jugular & Femoral (high risk of colonization & deep venous thrombosis) No. of Lumen Single-lumen catheter (< infections) vs Multi-lumen catheter 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 12

Sources of Infection Intrinsic contamination of infusion fluid Port for additives Connection with administration

Sources of Infection Intrinsic contamination of infusion fluid Port for additives Connection with administration set Insertion site Injection ports Administration set connection with IV catheter 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 13

1. Extraluminal Spread Patient’s own skin micro flora Microorganism transferred by the hands of

1. Extraluminal Spread Patient’s own skin micro flora Microorganism transferred by the hands of Health Care Worker Contaminated entry port, catheter tip prior or during insertion Contaminated disinfectant solutions Invading wound Sources of Infection 2. Intraluminal. Spread Intralumunal Contaminatedinfusate (fluid, medication) Skin attachment Skin Fibrin 9/10/2020 Vein 3. Haematogenous Spread Infection from distant focus dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 14

Prevention of CR-BSI Written Protocol Must be performed by trained staff according to written

Prevention of CR-BSI Written Protocol Must be performed by trained staff according to written guidelines Sterile procedure Sterile gown, Sterile gloves, Sterile large drapes Don't shave the site Hand disinfection With an antiseptic solution eg gluconate 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 Chlorhlexidine 15

Prevention of CR-BSI Skin antisepsis 2% Chlorhlexidine gluconate has shown to have lower BSI

Prevention of CR-BSI Skin antisepsis 2% Chlorhlexidine gluconate has shown to have lower BSI than 10% Povidone-iodine or 70 % Alcohol 2 -min drying time before insertion Chlorhlexidine gluconate or 10% Povidoneiodine 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 16

Prevention of CR-BSI Dressing Gauze dressings every 2 days Transparent dressing every 7 days

Prevention of CR-BSI Dressing Gauze dressings every 2 days Transparent dressing every 7 days on short term catheter Replace dressing when catheter is replaced or dressing becomes damp or loose. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 17

Prevention of CR-BSI Catheters removal Don’t replace it routinely Replace it if: – –

Prevention of CR-BSI Catheters removal Don’t replace it routinely Replace it if: – – – Inserted in an Emergency Non functioning Evidence of local or systemic infection General handling Opening of hub: Use antiseptic-impregnated pads eg Chlorhexidine gluconate or povidone iodine 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 18

Prevention of CR-BSI Administration sets Replacement at 72 -h intervals No difference in phlebitis

Prevention of CR-BSI Administration sets Replacement at 72 -h intervals No difference in phlebitis if left for 96 hours Lines for lipid emulsion: replacement at 24 -h intervals Lines for blood product : remove immediately after use 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 19

Prevention of CR-BSI Topical antibiotic Prophylactic use of topical Mupirocin (Bactroban) at insertion site

Prevention of CR-BSI Topical antibiotic Prophylactic use of topical Mupirocin (Bactroban) at insertion site or in nose is not recommended – Rapid development of Mupirocin resistant – Mupirocin affect the integrity of Polyurethane catheter Systemic antibiotic Prophylactic use of antibiotic is not recommended at the time of catheter insertion 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 20

Urinary Catheterization

Urinary Catheterization

External urethral meatus & urethra Pass catheter when bladder full for wash-out effect. Before

External urethral meatus & urethra Pass catheter when bladder full for wash-out effect. Before catheterization prepare urinary meatus with an antiseptic ( e. g. povidone iodine or 0. 2% chlorhexidine aqueous solution) Inject single-use sterile lubricant gel (e. g. 1 -2%) lignocaine into urethra and hold there for 3 minutes before inserting catheter. Use sterile catheter. Use non-touch technique for insertion 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 22

Junction between catheter & drainage tube Do not disconnect catheter unless absolutely necessary. For

Junction between catheter & drainage tube Do not disconnect catheter unless absolutely necessary. For urine specimen collection disinfect outside of catheter proximal to junction with drainage tube by applying alcoholic impregnated wipe and allow it to dry completely then aspirate urine with a sterile needle and syringe. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 23

Junction between drainage tube & collection bag Keep bag below level of bladder. If

Junction between drainage tube & collection bag Keep bag below level of bladder. If it is necessary to raise collection bag above bladder level for a short period, drainage tube must be clamped temporarily. Empty bag every 8 hours or earlier if full. Do not hold bag upside down when emptying 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 24

Tap at bottom of collection bag Collection bag must never touch floor. Always wash

Tap at bottom of collection bag Collection bag must never touch floor. Always wash or disinfect hands (eg with 70% alcohol) before and after opening tap. Use a separate disinfected jug to collect urine from each bag. Don't put disinfectant into urinary bag. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 25

Intensive Care Unit Nosocomial Pneumonia

Intensive Care Unit Nosocomial Pneumonia

Risk factors for bacterial pneumonia Host Factors Elderly Severe Illness Underlying Lung Disease Depressed

Risk factors for bacterial pneumonia Host Factors Elderly Severe Illness Underlying Lung Disease Depressed Mental Status Immunocompromising Conditions or Treatments Viral Respiratory Tract Infection 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 27

Risk factors for bacterial pneumonia Colonisation Intensive Care Setting Use of Antimicrobial Agents Contaminated

Risk factors for bacterial pneumonia Colonisation Intensive Care Setting Use of Antimicrobial Agents Contaminated hands Contaminated Equipment 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 28

Risk factors for bacterial pneumonia Factors that facilitate reflux & aspiration into the lower

Risk factors for bacterial pneumonia Factors that facilitate reflux & aspiration into the lower RT Mechanical ventilation - Tracheostomy - Use of a Nasogastric Tube - Supine Position - 9/10/2020 Factors that impede normal Pulmonary Toilet - Abdominal or thoracic surgery - Immobilisation dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 29

Prevention in ICU Turn patients to encourage postural drainage Encourage to take deep breaths

Prevention in ICU Turn patients to encourage postural drainage Encourage to take deep breaths and cough. Maintain an upright position (elevate patient’s head to 30º- 45º degree angle) to reduce reflux and aspiration of gastric bacteria. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 30

Gastric Ulcer Prophylaxis Stomach of a healthy person : Acidic p. H ( )

Gastric Ulcer Prophylaxis Stomach of a healthy person : Acidic p. H ( ) & normal peristalsis movement prevent bacterial growth Alkaline p. H ( ) and loss on normal peristalsis lead to bacterial colonisation which increases the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia Mechanical ventilation patients are at increased risk for upper GI haemorrhage from stress ulcers. H 2 blockers or antacids are used to prevent stress ulcers 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 31

Nasogastric Tube May erode the mucosal surface Block the sinus ducts Regurgitation of gastric

Nasogastric Tube May erode the mucosal surface Block the sinus ducts Regurgitation of gastric contents leading to aspiration. Verify placement of the feeding tube in the stomach or small intestine by X ray Elevate the head of the bed 30º- 45 º degrees Remove NG Tube if not necessary 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 32

Ventilators After every patient, clean and disinfect (high-level) or sterilize re-usable components of the

Ventilators After every patient, clean and disinfect (high-level) or sterilize re-usable components of the breathing system or the patient circuit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 33

Suctioning mechanically ventilated patients Handwashing before and after the procedure. Wear clean gloves to

Suctioning mechanically ventilated patients Handwashing before and after the procedure. Wear clean gloves to prevent crosscontamination Use a sterile single-use catheter ; if it is not possible then rinse catheter with sterile water and store it in a dry, clean container between uses and change the catheter every 8 - 12 hours. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 34

Suction Bottle Use single-use disposable, if possible Non-disposable bottles should be washed with detergent

Suction Bottle Use single-use disposable, if possible Non-disposable bottles should be washed with detergent and allowed to dry. Heat disinfect in washing machine or send to Sterile Service Department. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 35

Nebulizers Use sterile medications and fluids for nebulization Fill with sterile water only. Change

Nebulizers Use sterile medications and fluids for nebulization Fill with sterile water only. Change and reprocess device between patients by using sterilization or a high level disinfection or use single-use disposable item. Small hand held nebulizers – minimise unnecessary use – between uses for the same patient disinfect, rinse with sterile water, or air dry and store in a clean, dry place Reprocess nebulizers daily 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 36

Humidifiers Clean and sterilize device between patients. Fill with sterile water which must be

Humidifiers Clean and sterilize device between patients. Fill with sterile water which must be changed every 24 hours or sooner, if necessary. Single-use disposable humidifiers are available but they are expensive. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 37

Oxygen mask Change oxygen mask and tubing between patients and more frequently if soiled

Oxygen mask Change oxygen mask and tubing between patients and more frequently if soiled 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 38

Antibiotics use Must avoid widespread use of broad spectrum antibiotics 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of

Antibiotics use Must avoid widespread use of broad spectrum antibiotics 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 39

Problem-Detection in the ICU’s

Problem-Detection in the ICU’s

Examples illustrating difficult to detect infections: Long Incubation period • Hard to detect HIV,

Examples illustrating difficult to detect infections: Long Incubation period • Hard to detect HIV, Hep B or Hep C due to long incubation period • Easier to detect Staph aureus food borne illness, or toxic shock due to re-use of medication vial. • These infections occur 1 hr to days post event. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 41

Examples of difficult to detect infections: Uncultivable organisms Viruses are under appreciated as causes

Examples of difficult to detect infections: Uncultivable organisms Viruses are under appreciated as causes of nosocomial infections. Except in cases of high morbidity viral cultures are not done in resource scarce settings. Impact food-borne, respiratory, water borne illnesses. We don’t know the spectrum of anti-microbial activity of most preservatives and cleaners for many viruses. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 42

Define the problem to tracked Advantages: – The occurrence then can be compared in

Define the problem to tracked Advantages: – The occurrence then can be compared in different facilities and in different time periods – Definitions can be suspect, probable or – confirmed depending upon the information that is available 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 43

Examples from the NNIS Manual Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection: – Patient must have one

Examples from the NNIS Manual Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection: – Patient must have one of the two criteria: Fever >38 C OR urgency OR frequency OR dysuria OR suprapubic tenderness without other cause OR Urine culture with at least 105 organisms per ml or no more than two species of organisms 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 44

Definition of surgical site infection (no implant) Occurs within 30 days of surgery AND

Definition of surgical site infection (no implant) Occurs within 30 days of surgery AND has one of the following: Purulent drainage from drain OR Organism isolated from aseptically obtained fluid in the organ space 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 45

Example of lab-confirmed blood stream infection Patient has a recognized pathogen cultured from one

Example of lab-confirmed blood stream infection Patient has a recognized pathogen cultured from one or more blood cultures AND Organism cultured is not related to another infection at another site 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 46

Prior to starting any surveillance Agree upon a written case definition that is practical

Prior to starting any surveillance Agree upon a written case definition that is practical given the laboratory facilities and patient work load in your facility. 9/10/2020 dr yrkefallah-phd of nursing-2015 47