Intelligence Chapter 7 Copyright Allyn Bacon 2006 Nature

Nature of Intelligence: • ability to understand complex ideas • adapt effectively to the

Nature of Intelligence • Spearman: intelligence is made up of a general ability, or

Spearman & General Intelligence cont. • Some subtests were much higher than others • So abilities beyond the g factor were effecting these subtests. • These abilities he named ………. . s factors for specific abilities. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Spearman & General Intelligence cont. • Intelligence tests tap the g & s factors. • The g factor is the best measures of intelligence, & in predicting success in social, educational, and occupational areas. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Thurstone’s 7 Primary Mental Abilities • Thurstone rejected Spearman. • Looking at 56 separate tests… • He identified seven primary mental abilities: verbal comprehension, numerical ability, spatial relations, perceptual speed, word fluency, memory, and reasoning. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences…denies the existence of a g factor. • He proposes

Nature of Intelligence Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence • there are three types of intelligence – componential (analytical), experiential (creative), and contextual (practical). • Sternberg claims IQ tests measure only analytical, intelligence. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Measuring Intelligence Binet and the First Successful Intelligence Test • Alfred Binet tested children

Measuring Intelligence Binet believed mental retardation and mental superiority are the difference between chronological age (actual age in years) and mental age. • Children with a mental age 2 years below their chronological age were retarded and should be placed in special ed. classes. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Measuring Intelligence Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale cont. • IQ test for those aged 2 to 23. • Has four subscales: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract visual reasoning, and short-term memory. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Measuring Intelligence Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (cont. ) • Intelligence quotient (IQ): derived by comparing an individual’s score with the scores of others of the same age. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Measuring Intelligence The Wechsler Intelligence Tests • Wechsler gave us the Deviation Score: found by comparing a person’s score with others of the same age on whom the test was normed. • 1 st successful intelligence test for adults, 16 & older. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Measuring Intelligence The Wechsler Intelligence Tests… • Has verbal & performance IQ scores •

Measuring Intelligence • Differences in verbal & performance subtests are used for diagnoses. •

Measuring Intelligence Reliability, Validity • Reliability: a test yields nearly the same score when people are tested & retested. • Validity: a test measures what it is intended to. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

Measuring Intelligence Standardization: The process of establishing norms for interpreting scores… & procedures for

The Range of Intelligence Who Are the Gifted? • intellectually superior, IQs in the

The Range of Intelligence Giftedness (continued) • Gifted programs usually involve: • Acceleration go at a rate consistent with ability. • Enrichment broadens by giving special courses & experiences. In foreign languages, music appreciation, sciences etc. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

The Range of Intelligence The Dx. Of Mental Retardation: IQ score below 70 AND severe deficiency in daily adaptive functioning – ability to care for themselves AND relate to others. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

The IQ Controversy The Abuses of Intelligence Tests • IQ tests do not measure

The IQ Nature-Nurture Controversy • Is intelligence primarily the result of heredity (nature) or the environment (nurture). • Heritability: degree to which a trait is related to heredity. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

The IQ Controversy The Heritability of Intelligence (cont. ) • Twin studies yield heritability estimates of. 60 to. 70 for intelligence. • Adoption study method: study the effects of heredity and environment on children adopted shortly after birth by comparing them with their biological and adoptive parents. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

The IQ Controversy The Heritability of Intelligence (continued) • parents involvement (nurture) affect a child’s rate of getting mental skills, but have little influence on the ultimate level. • research shows the importance of genes (nature) in determining intelligence. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

The IQ Controversy Intelligence: Fixed or Changeable? • IQ scores of identical twins reared apart supports the strong influence of genetics. • We don’t inherit a specific IQ score, but genes set a range of possible performance levels, called the reaction range. • Environments determine where we end up within that range. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006

The IQ Controversy Adoption Studies • IQ scores of adopted children resemble those of

Emotional Intelligence • Awareness of & an ability to manage one’s own emotions. •

Emotional Intelligence • is unrelated to IQ. • High EQ scores can predict academic

Emotional Intelligence • Self-motivation emotional self-control. A person can get moving & pursue goals… • Persist even when frustrated… • Resists temptation to act on impulse. • Of all the attributes of emotional intelligence, the ability to postpone immediate gratification and to persist in working toward some greater future gain is most closely related to success. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006