Intelligence and Intelligence Testing The Nature of Intelligence
- Slides: 44
Intelligence and Intelligence Testing
The Nature of Intelligence
Intelligence • The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to a new situation • Is intelligence one thing or are there multiple intelligences?
Module 24: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing The Nature of Intelligence: Howard Gardner
Howard Gardner (1943 - ) • Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Gardner’s Types of Intelligence
Module 24: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing The Nature of Intelligence: Robert Sternberg
Robert Sternberg (1949 • Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligences consisting of: – analytic, – creative, and – practical intelligence )
Sternberg’s Types of Intelligence
Sternberg’s Types of Intelligence
Sternberg’s Types of Intelligence
Module 24: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing The Nature of Intelligence: Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence • The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions • People high in emotional intelligence are more in touch with their feelings and the feelings of others.
Charles Spearman (1863 -1945) • Theorized that a general intelligence factor (g) underlies other, more specific aspects of intelligence
General Intelligence (g) • General intelligence factor that Spearman believed underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
Module 24: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing: Alfred Binet
Alfred Binet (1857 -1911) • Developer of the first test to classify children’s abilities using the concept of mental age • Assumed children’s intellectual abilities grew every year
Mental Age • The chronological age that corresponds to the difficulty of the questions a child can answer • An average 8 -year-old child should have the mental age of 8 years.
Chronological Age • The actual age of a person
Module 24: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing: Lewis Terman
Lewis Terman (1877 -1956) • Adapted Binet’s tests for use in the United States as the Stanford-Binet intelligence test • The test reported intelligence as a calculated IQ score.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) • The number that results from Terman and Stern’s formula for computing the level of a person’s intelligence • IQ = (MA/CA) X 100 • A score of 100 would be considered average • Formula has been replaced with modern versions
Module 24: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing: David Wechsler
David Wechsler (1896 -1981) • Developed the Wechsler intelligence scales which included: – Different tests for different age groups – Separate verbal and nonverbal scores – Subtests and subtest scores
Module 24: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing: Group Tests
Group Intelligence Test • Originally designed for the army in World War I • Can be given to large numbers of people • Those supervising the test do not need extensive training • Are very easy to score • Not the most reliable
Module 24: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing Test Construction: Achievement and Aptitude Tests
Achievement Tests • Tests that attempt to measure what the test-taker has accomplished • i. e. classroom tests at the end of a unit
Aptitude Tests • Tests that attempt to predict the testtaker’s future performance • Examples: ACT and SAT
Module 24: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing Test Construction: Reliability and Validity
Test Reliability • The extent to which a test yields consistent results
Types of Reliability • Test-retest reliability - taking the same test and receiving a similar score • Split-half - the score on one half of a test’s questions is similar to the score on the other half • Scorer reliability – the score of the test should be similar no matter which scorer is scoring the test
Test Validity • The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is suppose to • Does an achievement test accurately measure accomplishments? • Does an aptitude test accurately measure the person’s future performance? • One needs to know the purpose of the test
Module 24: Intelligence and Intelligence Testing Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
Group Differences in Testing • A number of studies show scoring differences between different racial, ethnic, and gender groups. • Are these differences due to nature or to nurture? Studies suggest environment is playing a heavy role. • Heredity and environment interact to produce intelligence in individuals.
The End
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