Integration of EVs with Existing Distributed Energy Resources

Integration of EVs with Existing Distributed Energy Resources in Findhorn Ecovillage CRAIG MCARTHUR, GEORGIOS PAPOUTSIS, KONSTANTINOS PISOKAS, MARINOS MAVROULIS INTRODUCTION

Project Aim ØTo study the effect of EV adoption on the electricity demand/generation in Findhorn Ecovillage Objectives ØCreate a EV battery model to output time-series charging demand ØCreate a model to generate an annual time-series EV charging demand for Findhorn in Ecovillage Ø Model 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% EV Adoption ØSimulate the new Ecovillage demand assess the impact according to the Key Performance Indicator o Remain a net exporter of electricity INTRODUCTION

Why? Energy Consumption – UK 2016 Ø Transport accounts for 40% of energy consumption Ø 1 in 50 new cars sold is an electric vehicle Ø Implications for the grid Ø Is decentralization the future? INTRODUCTION

Findhorn Ecovillage ØDistributed Energy Resources o Wind: 3 V 29 (225 k. W), 1 V 17 (75 k. W) o Solar PV (25 k. W) o Redox Flow Battery (Inactive) ØEcovillage of 500 residents ØEmerging interest in EVs ØLong-term affect for Ecovillage? INTRODUCTION

Objectives ØCreate a EV battery model to output time-series charging demand ØCreate a model to generate an annual time-series EV charging demand for Findhorn in Ecovillage ØSimulate the new Ecovillage demand assess the impact according to determined Key Performance Indicators o Remain a net exporter of electricity INTRODUCTION

Model Methodology CONSTRUCTING THE

Selecting EVs BMW i 3 Nissan Leaf CONSTRUCTING THE Renault Zoe

Simulink EV Battery Model Nominal Voltage Rated Capacity EV Type Simulink Battery Model Customisable Parameters CONSTRUCTING THE Charging Simulator Time-series power demand

Battery Charging Results Nissan Leaf CONSTRUCTING THE

Model Methodology CONSTRUCTING THE

Findhorn Census Data Method of Travel to Work Distance Travelled to Work CONSTRUCTING THE Weekly Working Hours

Model Methodology CONSTRUCTING THE

Demand Profile Calculator Simulink Results EV Type 30 min Winter Demand Carbon Hours Emission Worked Report Weekly Home Work Travel Profile Calculator 3 -Week Simulation 30 min Summer Demand Average Weekly Distance km Travelled Deficit *Charging Behaviour * Findhorn Ecovillage Assessment 2015 My Electric Avenue –Carbon EV Study CONSTRUCTING THE

Controlled vs Uncontrolled – 100% EV Adoption MODEL OUTPUTS

The Effect on Findhorn Ecovillage Ø Remain a net exporter of electricity? Ø Would storage assist? Ø Do Findhorn Ecovillage require additional generation? MODEL OUTPUTS

Model Methodology HOMERPRO RESULTS

Total Electricity Implications HOMERPRO RESULTS

Investigating Further Ø Reduced surplus electricity to sell back to grid Ø Notable increase in dependence on grid HOMERPRO RESULTS

Redox Flow Battery – 25 k. W, 50 k. Wh Scenario Imports Increase (%) Without Battery Redox Battery Surplus Decrease (%) Without Battery Redox Battery 25% EVs 12. 5% 8. 5% -4. 9% -9. 0% 50% EVs 23. 8% 19. 8% -9. 0% -12. 9% 75% EVs 35. 3% 31. 5% -13. 6% -17. 3% 100% EVs 47. 0% 43. 6% -17. 9% -22. 6% HOMERPRO RESULTS

Redox Flow Battery – 25 k. W, 50 k. Wh HOMERPRO RESULTS

Integrating New Wind Generation HOMERPRO RESULTS

Is Solar PV More Suitable? HOMERPRO RESULTS

Net Exporter of Electricity? SUGGESTIONS

Considering the Surplus SUGGESTIONS

Final Proposal ØImplement controlled charging ØExisting EV control ØUtilise the Redox Flow Battery ØInstall 300 k. W solar PV farm ØSurrounding area owned suitable SUGGESTIONS

Conclusion ØEcovillage will be net importer at 50% EV adoption ØMitigation required to remain net exporter ØCurrent generation is wind-dependant ØRequires complimentary generation during summer Ø 300 k. W solar PV installation achieves 43% grid imports at 100% EV adoption ØIncreases surplus, decreases grid imports CONCLUSION

Future Work ØSimulate further control situations and different charger types ØInvestigate vehicle-to-grid connection ØMitigate need for scaled storage ØFinancial analysis of surplus/import implications ØAnalyse carbon footprint consequences of adoption ØLarger renewable capacity installation to reduce CO 2 emissions CONCLUSION

Questions? CONCLUSION