Integrating particulate matter matter enhanced importance for covering

Integrating particulate matter: matter enhanced importance for covering the urban scale Martin Lutz Senate Department of Urban Development, Berlin Directorate IX: environment policy Unit D: air pollution and noise control Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

assessment of air pollution local dispersion model Industry Transport urban background Agriculture dispersion model private nature regional background Pollution Senate department for urban development dispersion model Dispersion/ transformation Emission Sector Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Source apportionment summary table Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Source apportionment summary of results 0 about 50% of urban background PM 10 or more than 1/3 of total PM 10 at traffic sites consists of secondary aerosol, which is a large-scale problem 0 another 1/3 of total PM 10 at traffic sites can be attributed to local traffic sources 0 tyre abrasion and resuspension by vehicles amounts to more than half of the total PM 10 emissions of the transport sector 0 PM 10 emissions by construction amount to more than 5% of urban background PM Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Origin of fine particle concentrations (PM 10) measured on a busy traffic spot Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Episode of high PM 10 concentrations in the whole Greater Berlin area Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Backward Trajectories (2) Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Backward Trajectories (1) Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Particle concentration depending on the wind direction Senate department of forurbandevelopment Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

European control strategy for PM problems PM differs from ozone and acidification. . PM is a more equal mix of large-scale und local-scale origin . PM accumulates in urban areas. PM - limit values must be attained also at the kerbside *underlying approach has to cover the special characteristic of PM pollution in urban agglomerations *requires a higher degree of detail concerning models and data Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Deriving emission ceilings Information on receptors, like sensitivity of ecosystems, (“critical loads”) health-related indicators (e. g. PM? ? ) Emissions per sector and grid Abatement measures & costs per country and sector Optimization IIASA Source - receptor relations for ozone & secondary PM formation, acid & N deposition, and long - range transport of (Grid specific) pollutants environmental targets for acidification, eutro-phication, ozone, PM Cost-effective allocation of emission ceilings among countries Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

needs Source-receptor-relationship n Regional models, nested with. . . Ä improved European emission inventory for primary PM, ammonia and VOC, incl. natural sources Ä improved moduls for secondary PM formation, including organic aerosol n urban models for selected urban areas Ä more detailed emission inventory (size, components) Ä reliable algorithms for resuspension for integration in integrated assessment models Ä control measures & costs for primary and secondary PM, ozone, acidification and eutrophication n street canyon models hot spot analysis Ä details on vehicle fleet, resuspension, non-pipe emissions Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

PM-strategy development tasks concerning the urban scale n modelling: modelling Ä Project on validation (with measured data) and comparison of models for selected urban areas n extension of integrated assessment models : Ä source-receptor-relationships for PM, including the urban scale n (Further)-development of data Ä energy scenarios, emissions, control measures and potential, [economic measures], costs. . . n development of urban and regional control scenarios Ä link to the control of other pollutants like NO 2, benzene and ozone (southern Europe) Ä selection of environmental objectives with a range of ambitions Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

PM-strategy development offer by Germany & Berlin (i) with empasis to covering the urban scale. . n Dispersion modelling: modelling Ä R&D Project by UBA on the development of a model system (PM, ozone, acidification) covering the regional and urban scale; the urban scale will be tested for the Greater Berlin area and eventually applied on other urban areas Ä similar R&D project by Northrhein-Westfalia based on the EURAD model system Ä experience in applying street canyon models n extension of integrated assessment models: models Ä offer multi-year source-receptor-relationships for PM, including the urban scale n development of urban and regional control scenarios Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

PM-strategy development offer by Germany & Berlin (ii) with emphasis to covering the urban scale. . n PM pollution data Ä dense routine monitoring network with continuous measurements (PM 10, EC, etc. ), plus routine analyses of PM components (for PM 10, PM 2. 5, PM 1. 0 samples) Ä planned project to generate a complete annual data set of major PM 10 components for local traffic, urban background and regional background, including the vertical dimension (PM sampling 320 m above ground, lidar measurements) n input data Ä energy scenarios, emissions, control measures and potential, [costs ? ] for the urban scale Ä data on resuspension of PM, source apportionment Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Control measures already on the way Expected total PM 10 reduction by 2005 4 National Emission Ceilings 4 cleaner vehicles (Dir 98/69) 4 cleaner fuels (Dir 98/70) 4 particle filter for all public buses 4 further substitution of coal by gas, oil and district-heating total: needed: Senate department for urban development ~ 2% ~ 5% ~ 3% ~2% ~14% ~25% Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

Control measures possible further actions Expected total PM 10 reduction by 2005 *accelerated turnover of car fleet Ä tax incentives for EURO III-V Ä gas-driven vehicles in captured fleets (taxis, driving schools, refuse collection, . . . ) *full supply of sulfur free diesel *no more coal heating *strong reduction (50%) of PM emission by construction *reduction (50%) of resuspension in main roads Senate department for urban development ~ ? % ~ 3% ~ 2% ~ 3% ~ 7% Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

What’s important for CAFE/protocol review ? from an urban perspective (i) *Integrate the particles problem in the existing EU-strategy on ozone, acidification and eutrophication (i. e we need to tackle the transboundary aspect of the PM-problem) *cities are the “binding grids” for PM-pollution PM Ä need for data on the specific pollution in cities, its sources and the control potentials Ä need for scenario tools which cover the specific characteristics of the pollution in major cities *incorporate the urban scale into the approach underpinning the national emission ceilings Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

What’s important for CAFE/protocol review ? from an urban perspective (ii). . . with the aim of *identifying and implementing additional means (BAT and non-technical) of curbing emissions *ensuring consistency between 7 the environmental objectives set in the next generation of air quality legislation (e. g. on PM) and 7 the emission control efforts on EU level 7 the emission control actions applicable on the national & urban level Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz

What’s important for CAFE/protocol review ? from an urban perspective (iii) . . . with the aim of arriving at a fair and cost -efficient balance between. . the efforts to control of large-scale PMbackground pollution and. . the effort to reduce the share of local sources Senate department for urban development Unit IX D: air pollution and noise control, M. Lutz