Integrated Pest Management Dr Mahesha H B Associate
Integrated Pest Management Dr. Mahesha H B Associate Professor of Sericulture Yuvaraja’s College University of Mysore, Mysuru, India 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 1
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ‘ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as physical, chemical, biological, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties’ or 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 2
or "Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks" 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 3
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 20 February 2021 Physical Method Chemical Control Use of Resistant Varieties Genetical / Autocidal Biological Methods www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 4
Physical control (a) Mechanical (b) Phototropical (c) Cultural 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 5
(a) Mechanical: i. Hand net collection of egg masses, larvae, pupae, scrapping of the bark etc. ii. The other forms of mechanical destruction through the cutting of the infested shoots and branches and their destruction, preferably by burning. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 6
(b) Phototropical: Another method of physical control may be through light trapping, taking advantage of the phototrophic nature of certain insects. This has been found to be particularly effective against the Lepidopteran pests forming one of the largest groups of phytophagous insects. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 7
(c) Cultural: Turning up of the soil, flooding etc. , which expose the pests to physical stress. During the process they are killed by exposure to sunlight, water and the predators. ii. Pruning of the plants and burning of the infested twigs may also lead to the control of certain foliar pests. i. All the physical control methods are pollution free but labour intensive. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 8
Chemical Control They are, no doubt, very quick in action but are cause pollution of the environment and danger to non-target group of insects like many useful insects thereby breaking the agro -eco-system. Dangerous to silkworms also. They may affect higher animals also. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 9
Use of Resistant Varieties One way to avoid the pest infestation is the selection of pest resistant varieties and “Cheapest Method” Criteria for screening of pest resistant varieties: (a) Visual damage rating. (b) Determination of the number of plants surviving infestation at regular intervals. (c) Comparison of yield loss between the infested and the non-infested plants. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 10
Genetical / Autocidal: Pests are controlled by the introduction of sterile or genetically altered individuals into the wild population. "a method of pest control using area-wide inundative release (involves releasing large numbers of natural enemies for immediate reduction of a damaging or near-damaging pest population) of sterile insects to reduce reproduction in a field population of the same species". It is therefore a type of “birth control” 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 11
Quarantine/Legislative: Quarantine means to keep materials in isolation to prevent spreading of diseases, pests etc. Legislative or regulatory method is a method mainly employed to prevent the introduction of pests from other countries or to prevent the spread of a pest from one area to another. The method is operated through specific regulations known as plant-quarantine laws. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 12
. In India some states have special pest acts, by which it becomes obligatory on the part of the cultivators and governmental authorities to take appropriate steps to control a particular pest when it appears in an epidemic form. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 13
Biological control Practically every crops pest has its natural enemies in the form of parasites, predators and disease causing organisms. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 14
(a) Use of hyperparasitoids to attack the primary parasitoid. (b) Use of attractants and repellants including pheromones to trap and kill the insects. (c) Use of hormones and other physiology impairing chemicals to upset the normal metabolism. (d) Use of sterile male technique. (e) Use of bacterial and fungal insecticides is ruled out as many of them are known to be toxic to the silkworm itself. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 15
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MULBERRY PESTS Practically every crops pest has its natural enemies in the form of parasites, predators and disease causing organisms. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 16
The biological control involves a large scale multiplication of and liberation of such agents, or creating conditions under which the naturally occurring agents can act effectively. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 17
The following mulberry pests can be controlled effectively under this method 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 18
Bihar hairy caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Diacrisia obliqua) Trichogramma chilonis is an egg parasitoid of many lepidopteran pests. It is widely used as biocontrol agent of several crop plants. Release twice T. chilonis at the rate of 5 tricho-cards (20, 000 parasitised eggs in each tricho - card) per acre, at an interval of 3 days. Parasitoid releases have to be undertaken 20 days after pruning or harvesting. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 19
Trichogramma parasitized on egg 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 20
Leaf-roller- Diaphania pulverulentalis This pest can be biologically controlled with the help of its natural enemies like Apanteles spp. and Diadegma spp. Also, Trichogramma chilonis can also be used to control this pest as described for Bihar hairy caterpillar. Tetrastichus howardii, is an pupal parasitoid can be used at the rate of 1 lakh adults/acre. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 21
Two alternate examples are given below to know the mechanism of controlling the pests. Larvae of Apanteles sp. (parasitoid) emerging from Pieris sp. Larva Parasite Diadegma insularis ovipositing on Diamondback Moth larva. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 22
Mealy bug: Maconellicoccus hirsutus Successful biological control of mealy bug can be achieved by employing predatory cociinellid Ladybird beetle like Cryptolaemus montrouzieri at the rate of 125 adults per acre twice, during August-September and October-November. Alternatively, 500 adults of Scymnus coccivora per acre also useful. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 23
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri feeds on Maconel. Iicoccus hirsutus 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 24
Thrips: Pseudodendrothrips mori This pest can be biologically controlled by Ladybird beetles, Menochilus sexmaculatus and Scymnus coccivora were observed to feed on thrips in the field and laboratory. Termites: The use of entomopathogenic fungi and plant extracts for termite control is currently being investigated. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 25
Pest Outbreaks Large, sporadic populations of insect pests are usually called outbreaks / Sudden increase in the population of any individual species is called pest outbreak. They typically occur when the pest population rises significantly above its general equilibrium level and becomes a threat to human interests. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 26
Some of the reasons for pest outbreaks: �Environmental change - weather, deforestation and bringing under cultivation etc. �Introduction from abroad - insect/plant �Destruction of natural enemies �Development of resistance �Higher yielding varieties/high amount of fertilizer �Intensive (Monoculture) and Extensive (susceptible variety in large area) farming 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 27
Pest Forecasting It is a management system used to predict the occurrence and change in severity of plant pests. Pest forecasting is the perception of future activity of biotic agents, which would adversely affect crop production Forecasting of pest incidence or outbreak based on information obtained from pest surveillance. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 28
Uses - Predicting pest outbreak which needs control measure - Suitable stage at which control measure gives maximum protection 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 29
Types of pest forecasting a. Short term forecasting - Based on 1 or 2 season b. Long term forecasting - Based on affect of weather parameters on pest 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 30
Experiment No. 5: Collection, Identification and mounting / preservation of insect pests of mulberry (field work). Pest: A destructive insect that attacks plants is called as a pest. Insect Collection: Insects can be collected by hand, light trap and with a net. Collect as many as possible insects from the mulberry garden, identify and preserve them for laboratory use. The preservation of collected specimens is of two types. Liquid Preservation: This method is ideal for the larvae and other forms of soft bodied and tiny insects i. e. , 4% formaldehyde solution / 95% alcohol / 70% isopropyl alcohol is ideal for preservation of the specimen. Pinned Preservation: In this method the specimens are preserved as mounted directly on pins after killing and drying. This method is useful to study the morphological characters when compared to first one. However, only adult stages can be preserved in this method. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 31
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The pinned preservation technique is explained as below. Materials Required: � Nets: For collecting adults only. � Killing Jar: Glass jar with screw lid with absorbent material (cotton) at the bottom to hold ethyl acetate (also nail polish remover works). � Forceps � Relaxing Jar: After death of the insects, insects can be softened (to minimize the breaking of any body part) in a relaxing jar before pinning. � Spreading Board: Spreading boards are useful for laying the wings of insects out flat and holding them in place while the specimen dries. � Insect pins and labels: Insect pins are long, slender pins made specifically for mounting insects. Labels for pinned specimens should be made on relatively heavy stock paper. � Storage Boxes: For preservation of adults. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 33
Procedure: �Collect the adults of different pests of mulberry. �Put them into killing jar and leave for few min or till the death of the insect. �Transfer them to relaxing jar 2 -3 days. �Spread the insect wings, arrange legs and antennae etc properly, pin them and leave it for complete drying. It may take few days. �After complete drying, preserve them in a preservation box with appropriate labeling. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 34
Expt. No. 7: Study of pesticides, their formulation, applicators (sprayers & dusters). A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals FORMS AND FORMULATIONS: i. e. Solid, Liquid and Gaseous. (a) Solid formulations (i) Dusts (D): Mixture of toxicants and inert diluent to form a dry, free flowing powder. (ii) Wettable powders (WP) or water dispersible powders (WDP): These are finely divided concentrated dusts containing a wetting agent to facilitate the mixing of the powder with water before spraying. (iii) Water soluble powder (SP): (iv) Granulars (G): Inert material with the toxicants absorbed on to them. It may be impregnated or surface coated. (v) Capsules, baits and pellets: Capsules-Small mass of toxicant enveloped in a thick coating material from which the toxicant diffuse slowly. Baits-Small quantities of toxicants combined with food material attractive to the pests. Pellets-Toxicant is mixed with polyvinyl chloride and a plasticizer which release the toxicant over a period of time. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 35
(b) Liquid formulations: solutions, suspensions and emulsions. (i) Solutions: They are homogenous mixture of two or more substances and usually are not soluble in water, but with xylene, carbon tetrachloride, kerosene etc. (ii) Suspensions: They are also referred as flowable or sprayable suspensions (F or S). They consist of finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid medium by means of a wetting agent. (iii) Emulsions: There are two types of emulsion; the first is the oil in water (O/W) type and water in oil (W/O). (iv) Water miscible liquids: They readily mix with water. (v) Concentrate insecticide liquids: Applied without diluting in water at ultra low volume (ULV) rates. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 36
�(c) Gaseous Formulations: �(i) Aerosols: These contain the toxicant dissolved in an inert liquid which is gaseous at ordinary temperatures but liquifiable under pressure. When the pressure is released the solution is discharged through a fine nozzle, the solvent evaporates and the toxicant is dispersed in a very finely divided state. �(ii) Fumigants: Pesticides in gaseous forms are known as fumigants and are most often formulated as liquids. These are generally useful in completely closed spaces. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 37
�PESTICIDE SPRAYERS �Sprayers are the equipments used to apply the insecticide. Very simple to sophisticated instruments are available in the market. Three different models are shown in the picture. �Hand operated useful for very small area of the mulberry garden. �Manual operated useful to moderate area of mulberry garden. �Machine operated useful for very large area like forests etc. , 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 38
MULBERRY AND SILKWORM CROP PROTECTION Duration-3 hrs. Max. Marks - 70 Q 1. Temporary mounting of Leaf spot/ leaf rust/ powdery mildew/ root knot nematode of mulberry - 25 marks. Note: Distribution of marks a) Identification with binomial nomenclature - 5 b) Sectioning, staining and mounting - 15 c) Labelled diagram with description - 5 Q 2. Temporary mounting of Pebrine spore/nuclear polyhedral bodies/mycelia & conidial spores - 25 marks. Note: Distribution of marks a) Identification - 5 b) Staining and mounting -15 c) Procedure and diagram - 5 Q 3. Identify and comment on the spots A, B, C and D. Any FOUR from the practical syllabus. 20 marks-5 marks each. 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 39
Acknowledgements to INTERNET FOR PICTURES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 20 February 2021 www. hbmahesh. weebly. com 40
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