Instructional Technology and Media for Learning Instructional Materials

Instructional Technology and Media for Learning Instructional Materials and Displays RAKESH KUMAR CHINDAM

OVERVIEW • • Learning Centers Instructional Modules Manipulative Printed Materials Free and Inexpensive Materials Display Surfaces Exhibits

LEARNING CENTERS • A self-contained environment • Promotes individual or small-group learning • Should encourage active participation of students

Advantages • Self-pacing • Active Learning • Teacher Role

Limitations • Cost and Management • Student Responsibility • Student Isolation

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULES • A self-contained instructional unit • Used by a single or small-group learners without teachers presence.

The Instructional module must gain • • • Student’s attention Introduce the topic Present new content Provide practice-and-feedback activities Test for mastery Assign follow-up remediation or enrichment

Components of Modules Rationale Post-test Self-test Learning activities Objectives Entry test Multimedia materials

MANIPULATIVES Are the objects that can be viewed and handled in a learning setting Are often included in learning centers and instructional modules Field trips, displays, and dioramas include manipulative

3 Types of manipulative Real objects Models Mock-ups

Real Objects • Coins, tools, artifacts, plants, animals, etc. • There is no substitute for real thing when learning some content • May be used as is, or may modify them to enhance instruction • Also plays a valuable role in the evaluation phase of instruction

Models • Are three-dimensional representations of real objects • Provide learning experiences that real things cannot provide • Assembly activities help sharpen both cognitive and psychomotor skills

Mock-ups • Are sometimes constructed as working models • The recommended media when realism is essential for learning

PRINTED MATERIALS • Include textbooks, fiction and nonfiction books, booklets, pamphlets, study guides, manuals, etc. • Most common application is presenting information

Advantages • Availability • Portability • Flexibility • User friendly • Economical

Limitations Reading level Memorization Vocabulary One-way presentation Curriculum determination

FREE AND INXEPENSIVE MATERIALS • Include posters, games, pamphlets, brochures, reports, charts, maps, books, audiotapes, etc. • Another resource that has become very important for obtaining free and inexpensive materials is the Internet

Advantages • Up to date • In-depth treatment • Student manipulation

Limitations • Bias or advertising • Special interests • Limited quantities

Sources for Materials • There are local, state, national, and international sources of free and inexpensive materials • Local government agencies, community groups, private businesses, public libraries, Trade and professional associations, etc. to name only a few.

DISPLAY SURFACES Chalkboards and Whiteboards – Are universally recognized as a flexible and economical display surfaces – The white surface is also suitable for projection of video, Power. Point frames, slides, etc.

Electronic Whiteboards – Allows to “capture” digitally anything written on them – Especially valuable for brainstorming sessions and for summarizing group discussions – Copies could be particularly helpful for students who miss class – Two types of electronic whiteboards – standard and interactive

Bulletin Boards – Brief news announcements of urgent interest are posted for public notice – In practice, bulletin board displays tend to serve three broad purposes – decorative, motivational, or instructional

Cloth Boards – Are constructed of cloth stretched over a sturdy backing material such as plywood, etc. – Shy students may particularly profit from this kind of activity

Magnetic Boards – Visuals are backed with magnets and then placed on the metal surface of the board – Major advantage is that maneuvering visuals is easier and quicker than with cloth boards

Flip charts – Is a pad of large paper fastened together at the top and mounted to an easel – Is an extremely versatile, convenient, and inexpensive media format – Is an exceptionally valuable aid to any group discussion

EXHIBITS Are collections of various objects and visuals 3 types of exhibits Field Trips Displays Dioramas

Field Trips Field trips are an exhibit of real things in their natural environment Displays A display is an array of objects, visuals, and printed materials (e. g. , labels and descriptions) Dioramas are static displays consisting of 3 dimensional foreground a flat background to create a realistic scene

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