Inspired by the RTW voyage of Solar Impulse

Inspired by the RTW voyage of Solar Impulse 2 A Software Testing Measures & Metrics Hierarchy? Graham Thomas UKTMF, London 28 Oct 2015

Abstract This session has been inspired by following the journey of Solar Impulse 2 (SI 2), an aeroplane powered only by solar power, on its Round The World journey (RTW). Last June SI 2 flew from Japan to Hawaii. It took 6 days, using only solar power. A remarkable feat which smashed all solar powered flight records. Even more amazing, was that as the plane flew it transmitted flight data which was published, live and real time, on the internet at solarimpulse. com, giving a real insight. This got me thinking. • Wouldn’t it be amazing if our software testing projects could broadcast live, real-time metrics and measures just like Solar Impulse? • Looking at the information being sent back, a mix of flight data, presented with route information, and the context of the overall RTW journey, there was a clear alignment with Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. From safety through to self-actualisation. • And I wondered if there wasn’t an opportunity for us to revisit our testing measures and metrics, and look at whether they also aligned with Maslow, and what we could learn from that. 2

Agenda • Solar Impulse • Maslow • Si 2 Alignment • And that got me thinking! • Workshop • (What is a Measure and what is a Metric? ) • Measures & Metrics • Maslow Mapping • What does all that mean? SI 2 Cockpit 3

Solar Impulse 2 was built to take up the challenge of achieving the first round-the-world solar flight. This revolutionary airplane has to do what no one has ever done before: fly through 5 consecutive days and nights without using any fuel, so as to cross oceans from one continent to the next. André Borschberg, at the controls, achieved such an oceanic crossing during his record-breaking flight from Nagoya to Hawaii. Our challenge: to take an airplane to such a high efficiency level of energy efficiency that it can fly day and night relying only on the sun. This required the optimization of new kinds of technology and a drastic reduction in energy consumption. The components normally used in aircraft construction are far too heavy for Solar Impulse’s 80 engineers and technicians, under André Borschberg’s leadership, have had to apply highly innovative solutions. What major civil and military aircraft makers thought impossible has been achieved by the ingenuity of a small team. General characteristics • Length: 21. 85 m (71. 7 ft) • Wingspan: 63. 4 m (208 ft) • Height: 6. 40 m (21. 0 ft) • Wing area: 11, 628 photovoltaic cells rated at 45 k. W peak: 200 m 2 (2, 200 sq ft) Performance • Cruise speed: 70 kilometres per hour (43 mph) • Endurance: 36 hours (projected) • Service ceiling: 8, 500 m (27, 900 ft) with a maximum altitude of 12, 000 metres (39, 000 ft) 4

SI 2 Live Data 5

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological Review. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of growth in humans. Maslow used the terms "physiological", "safety", "belongingness" and "love", "esteem", "selfactualization", and "self-transcendence" to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through. – Wikipedia, 20. 10. 2015 6

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is often portrayed as a pyramid, with the most fundamental levels of needs a the bottom. With the exception of Physiological needs, there may be no indication of the need – but the individual may feel anxious and tense. More than one level of need can occur at any time. - Wikipedia 27/10/2015 Safety needs Esteem Love and belonging Physiological Self-actualization needs Self-transcendence [10] This With their physical needs relatively satisfied, the All humans have a need to feel respected; this After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, Physiological needs are the physical requirements In his later years, Maslow explored a further "What a man can be, he must be. " individual's safety needs take precedence and includes the need to have self-esteem and selfthe third level of human needs is interpersonal and for human survival. If these requirements are not dimension of needs, while criticizing his own quotation forms the basis of the perceived [13] The self only dominate behavior. In the absence of physical respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire involves feelings of belongingness. This need is met, the human body cannot function properly and vision on self-actualization. need for self-actualization. This level of need safety – due to war, natural disaster, family to be accepted and valued by others. People often especially strong in childhood and can override the will ultimately fail. Physiological needs are thought finds its actualization in giving itself to some refers to what a person's full potential is and violence, childhood abuse, etc. – people may (reengage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to be the most important; they should be met first. higher goal outside oneself, in altruism and the realization of that potential. Maslow [14] )experience post-traumatic stress These activities give the person a sense of to abusive parents. Deficiencies within this level of Air, water, and food are metabolic requirements spirituality. describes this level as the desire to accomplish disorder or transgenerational trauma. In the contribution or value. Low self-esteem or Maslow's hierarchy – due for survival in all animals, including humans. everything that one can, to become the most [11] Individuals may perceive or absence of economic safety – due to economic an inferiority complex may result from imbalances to hospitalism, neglect, shunning, ostracism, etc. – Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection that one can be. crisis and lack of work opportunities – these safety during this level in the hierarchy. People with low can impact the individual's ability to form and from the elements. While maintaining an adequate focus on this need very specifically. needs manifest themselves in ways such as a self-esteem often need respect from others; they maintain emotionally significant relationships in Maslow believed that to understand this level of birth rate shapes the intensity of the human sexual preference for job security, grievance procedures may feel the need to seek fame or glory. However, general need, the person must not only achieve the instinct, sexual competition may also shape said for protecting the individual from unilateral fame or glory will not help the person to build their previous needs, but master them. instinct. [2] authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, self-esteem until they accept who they are reasonable disability accommodations, etc. This internally. level is more likely to be found in children because they generally have a greater need to feel safe. 7

SI 2 Measures & Metrics Maslow Alignment 8

And that got me thinking • Some people say don’t measure – it is fear (Recent Euro. STAR Keynote) • Some measures and metrics create very strong emotional responses • Other people ask me “What is it that you do? ” • I often ask myself “Why am I doing this? ” • “Why don’t we have a Hierarchy of Software Testing Measures, like Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? ” • Most of our measures and metrics are at the physiological or safety level. Is this good for us? • What measures and metrics do we have? • How do they map to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? • Does this affect the way we generate and disseminate software testing measures and metrics? 9

Maslow Testing Physiological Air, Water, Food Safety Personal, Financial, Health Love & Belonging Friendship, Intimacy, Family Esteem Lower: from others, Higher: from yourself. Self-esteem & Self-respect. Self-actualisation Recognition of and realisation of one’s full potential. And on to Altruism. Physiological Test Environment, System Under Test, Resources Safety Time, Budget, Environment Love & Belonging Relationships, Skills Community, Shared Purpose Esteem Respect from Others. Respect for self. Self-actualisation Self-development, Test Improvement, Conference Speaking, on to e. g. Industry Working Groups 10

Definitions The Concise Oxford Dictionary Fifth Edition, 1972 Reprint First Published 1964 Measure Metric • Size or quantity found by measuring • Degree, extent or amount • Rod, tape, etc. for measuring • Ascertain extent or quantity of • Of the Metre; decimal measuring system • So this is one of those IT words! • “A Metric is derived (calculated from two or more measures)” - Rick Craig, Me, & others 11

Metric Examples • MPH (Miles Per Hour) • Measure of speed * Time = MPH (How fast the Driveshaft is spinning ( x * circumference of wheel)) • DDP (Defect Detection Percentage) • DDP = Number of defects at the moment of software version release / Number of defects at the moment of software release + escaped defects found. 12

Measures & Metrics Let’s discuss which are our favourite measures and metrics • Which ones we are using? • Which ones we would like to use? (And why we don’t? ) • Which ones we use but don’t like? • Favourites • And what the response is to the measure / metric? 13

Maslow Mapping • Let’s take our list of measures and metrics and map them onto Maslow • And as we do that, let’s consider what Maslow’s hierarchy says about: • How the measure or metric will be received? • What it is trying to show? • Whether we are prepared for the response? 14

Summary • I hope you found that useful? • Did it work for you? • I hadn’t realised the alignment until I had the thought watching the Solar Impulse flight • Remember, this is pseudo-psychology, so be careful how you use it! • Like Solar Impulse 2, I think we are only half-way there. • There is still a way to go on our software testing measures and metrics. • Hopefully thinking about Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs will help. 15

Contact Details You can connect with me at: graham@badgerscroft. com @Graham. NThomas www. badgerscroft. com Where you can explore Blog Twitter Timeline Linked-In profile You. Tube Channel 16