INSIDE THE CELL Headings Vocabulary Important Info Cell

INSIDE THE CELL Headings Vocabulary Important Info

Cell Diversity and Size

INTERNAL ORGANIZATION • ORGANELLES: – CELL COMPONENT THAT PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL

EUKARYOTES • ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS CONTAIN: – MEMBRANEBOUND NUCLEUS – OTHER ORGANELLES

PROKARYOTES • UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS THAT LACK A MEMBRANEBOUND NUCLEUS • LACK OTHER ORGANELLES Fossil algae 2 billion years old (left) and living algae (right). Note the similarities in appearance. Interspersed among the living algae are chains of rod-shaped bacteria. • EXAMPLE= BLUEGREEN ALGAE & BACTERIUM

INSIDE THE CELL • CYTOPLASM: – B/T THE NUCLEUS AND THE CELL MEMBRANE – WHERE THE ORGANELLES ARE LOCATED CYTOSOL: – GELATIN-LIKE FLUID THAT SURROUNDS THE ORGANELLES

NUCLEUS: – LARGE – NEAR CENTER OF CELL – CONTAINS MOST OF CELLS GENETIC INFO – DIRECTS MOST ACTIVITIES OF CELL

• NUCLEAR MATRIX= PROTEIN SKELETON • NUCLEAR ENVELOPE= DOUBLE MEMBRANE AROUND NUCLEUS • CHROMATIN= COMBO OF DNA & PROTEIN (stretched out chromosome) • CHROMOSOME= DENSELY PACKED (“X”) CHROMATIN • NUCLEAR PORE= SMALL HOLES (EXIT) • NUCLEOLUS= RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS, PRODUCTION

MITOCHONDRIA • THE “MIGHTY MOUSE” OF THE CELL!!! • CONTAIN THEIR OWN DNA • SURROUNDED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE • NEW MITO. MADE WHEN EXISTING ONES GROW AND DIVIDE

• TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ATP VIA CHEMICAL RXN’S • ATP = (Adenosine. Tri. Phosphate) MOLECULE THAT MOST CELLS USE AS ENERGY CURRENCY • CAR (MITOCHONDRIA) • GASOLINE (CHEMICAL RXN) • GAS + ENGINE = CAR STARTS (ATP MADE) • CAR RUNS (ENERGY) MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL

• SURROUNDED BY: 2 MEMBRANES – OUTER & INNER • CRISTAE: – THE LONG FOLDS INSIDE THE INNER FOLD – ENLARGE SURFACE AREA OF INNER MEMBRANE – CHEMICAL RXNS TAKE PLACE

RIBOSOMES • MOST NUMEROUS ORGANELLE IN THE CELL • NO MEMBRANE • 60% RNA AND 40% PROTEINS MAKE UP RIBOSOME'S

Electron Micrograph of ribosomes. The ribosomes operate in chains when translating a m. RNA. • PRODUCED & ASSEMBLED IN THE NUCLEOLUS • Many Proteins are produced by a specialized cell, e. g. antibodies – transported and used elsewhere in the organism • WHEN RIBOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO ER: – PROTEINS INSERTED TO MEMBRANES – PROTEINS EXPORTED FROM CELL

Proteins being made by DNA Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can be used by the body.

PROTEIN CHAIN JHK JHK JHK JHK RIBOSOMES HELP MAKE THE PROTEIN CHAIN

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • A SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE BOUND SACS AND TUBULES • INTRACELLULAR “HIGHWAY” – MOLECULES MOVE FROM ONE PART OF CELL TO ANOTHER • 2 TYPES OF ER: – SMOOTH ER= (no ribosomes) – ROUGH ER= (COVERED W/RIBOSOMES)

ROUGH ER: SMOOTH ER: • INVOLVED IN • IN CELLS THAT PRODUCTION MAKE A LOT OF (SYNTHESIS) OF PROTEINS STEROID GLAND • USED FOR EXPORT CELLS OUT OF THE CELL • REGULATION OF CALCIUM LEVELS • ALSO TO BE • BREAKDOWN OF INSERTED INTO TOXIC THE CELL SUBSTANCES BY MEMBRANE LIVER CELLS

ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER

GOLGI APPARATUS • PROCESSING • PACKAGING • SECRETING ORGANELLE • SYSTEM OF MEMBRANES “PANCAKES” • SERIES OF FLATTENED SACS W/CONVEX SHAPE IN THE CYTOSOL • MODIFIES PROTEINS FOR EXPORT BY CELL

LYSOSOME • SMALL • SPHERICAL ORGANELLE • ENCLOSE ENZYMES W/I SINGLE MEMBRANES • DIGEST PROTEIN, CARBS. , LIPIDS, DNA, RNA – SOMETIMES DIGEST: OLD ORGANELLES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA THAT WERE INGESTED • RARE IN PLANT CELLS

• LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT ALL OF THE ORGANELLES WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT SO FAR. CAN YOU TELL ME THE MAIN FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: 1. NUCLEUS a. NUCLEOLUS 2. ER a. THE 2 TYPES 3. RIBOSOME 4. MITOCHONDRIA a. CRISTAE 5. LYSOSOME 6. GOLGI APPARATUS

CYTOSKELETON • NETWORK OF LONG PROTEIN STRANDS IN THE CYTOSOL • NO MEMBRANE • AIDS IN MOVEMENT OF ORGANELLES • MICROFILAMENTS: – THREADS OF A PROTEIN CALLED ACTIN. – SMALLEST STRAND MAKES UP CYTOSKELETON

MICROTUBLES: • LARGEST STRANDS • HOLLOW TUBES • WHEN CELL IS ABOUT TO DIVIDE BUNDLES COME TOGETHER AND EXTEND ACROSS THE CELL SPINDLE FIBERS: • THICK BUNDLES • ASSIST IN MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME DURING CELL DIVISION

HOW CELLS MOVE • CELLS USE HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES THAT EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CELL • SHORT & IN LARGE QUANTITIES = CILIA • LONG & LESS NUMEROUS = FLAGELLA

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